. 2021 Jun 24;12:697435. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697435

Table 2.

List of isolation Experiments.

Author	Experiment	Duration	Explored parameters	Key findings
(53)	Moon-2015	9 days	Absolute and relative lymphocyte count in peripheral blood, absolute and relative granulocyte count in peripheral blood; percentage and absolute CD3⁺, CD3⁺ CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD19⁺, CD3^-CD16⁺, CD56⁺ lymphocyte count total leukocyte count, absolute and relative monocyte and granulocyte counts in peripheral blood; percentage and absolute count of TLR2⁺, TLR4⁺, TLR6⁺-monocytes and granulocytes	Different changes in absolute and relative cells of innate and adaptive immunity were observed during the experiment.
(52)	SIRIUS-17	17 days	Total content of leukocytes, absolute and relative monocyte and granulocyte count in peripheral blood; percentage and absolute number of TLR1⁺, TLR2⁺, TLR3⁺, TLR4⁺, TLR5⁺, TLR6⁺, TLR8⁺, TLR9⁺-monocytes and granulocytes; level of CD14^-/CD16^-,CD123 ⁺, CD85k ⁺ plasmacytoid DCs; content of mature CD86 ⁺ CD83 ⁺ CD14⁻ DCs.	Gender independent dramatic decrease in the relative quantity of TLR4⁺, TLR5⁺, TLR6⁺ monocytes, especially, TLR3⁺, TLR8⁺, TLR9⁺ cells, by the time of the finishing of the experiment compared to baseline values.
(63)	HUBES	135 days	Phytohemagglutinin reactivity of T-lymphocytes; suppressor activity of T-lymphocytes, induced by concanavalin A; functional activity of T-helper lymphocytes, evaluated by the xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction; сytotoxicity of NK cells; mitogen-induced production of interleukin-2, a-interferon, γ-interferon, and osteoclast activating factor; levels of immunoglobulins (A, G, M) in blood serum; levels of rheumatoid factor and DNA autoantibody titers; sensitization to bacterial and chemical allergens identified by the capacity of cells to produce a humoral mediator, leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF).	Decrease in the level of A, M, and G immunoglobulins in the blood serum, a decrease in the functional activity of T-lymphocytes, suppression of the cytotoxic activity of natural killers, signs of sensitization to bacterial allergens and formaldehyde during the isolation.
(64)	SFINCSS-99	110 and 240 days	Functional state of T cells, assessed using the reaction of blast transformation under the action of PHA; number of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM)	Functional activity of T-cells was reduced on average starting from the 4th month of the confinement. Decreased level of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG) during the experiment.
(1)	SFINCSS-99	110 and 240 days	Level of CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD19⁺, CD16⁺CD56⁺- lymphocytes; level of plasma cytokines (IL6, IFNγ); delayed type hypersensitivity reaction of the skin against a panel of standardized recall antigens. Concentration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and monocytes; CD18/CD11b expression level on PMNL; superoxide anion production by phagocytes in diluted whole blood.	The ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells during the mission decreased; enhanced expression of beta2-integrins by circulating granulocytes during the experiment.
(65)	«Mars-500»	105 days	Content of lymphocytes in peripheral blood; absolute and relative content of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD19⁺, CD25⁺, CD45RA⁺, CD45RO⁺, HLA-DR⁺- lymphocytes; content of CD69⁺, CD25⁺- lymphocytes in PHA-stimulated cultures of mononuclear cells; levels of IFNγ, IL2, IL10, IL6, IL4, IL5 and TNF in supernatant of PHA-stimulated cell cultures; levels of IFNγ, IL2, IL10, IL6, IL4, IL5, and TNF in plasma; amount of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) in plasma; content of monocytes and granulocytes in peripheral blood levels of IFNγ, IL2, IL10, IL6, IL4, IL5, and TNF in plasma.	Increased absolute and relative number of CD4+CD25^Bright lymphocytes on the 7^th and 105^th days of isolation, decreased B-cells on the 16th and 70th days of the experiment, increased Il-8 level during the mission.
(70)	«Mars-500»	105 days	Concentrations of lymphocytes; concentrations of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12¸ IL-13, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNγ, MCP-1, MIP-1b, TNFα, TGFβ in plasma; concentrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in stimulated cell cultures; adhesive and phagocytic capabilities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; level of CD62L+- polymorphonuclear leukocytes; concentrations of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12¸ IL-13, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNγ, MCP-1, MIP-1b, TNFα, TGFβ in plasma.	Suppression of the phagocytic function of mononuclear cells during the experiment.
(71)	«Mars-500»	520 days	Number of lymphocytes; level of NK-cells; level of CD69+-NK-cells in stimulated cell cultures; level of CD19 ⁺, CD3 ⁺, CD3 ⁺ CD4 ⁺, CD3 ⁺ CD8 ⁺, CD3 ⁺ CD25⁺, CD4 ⁺ CD25 ^{+ bright}, CD4 ⁺ CD45RA⁺, CD4 ⁺ CD45RO ⁺ lymphocytes; level of CD19⁺CD69⁺, CD3⁺CD69⁺, CD3⁺CD25⁺- lymphocytes in stimulated cell cultures; serum immunoglobulin level (IgA, IgM, IgG); serum and stimulated cells cultures cytokine level (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF α and TNF β). Number of leukocytes, monocytes and granulocytes; amount of TLR2⁺, TLR 4⁺, TLR6⁺, CD36⁺, CD206⁺, CD24⁺, CD54⁺, CD16⁺- monocytes and granulocytes; level of HSP-70 in serum; cytokine level (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF α and TNF β) in serum and in stimulated cells cultures.	Wave-like changes in the vast majority of the studied parameters that characterize the state of innate and adaptive immunity.
(72)	«Mars-500»	520 days	Absolute white blood cell count and the percentage of each type of white blood cells; level of CD19 +, CD3 +, CD3 ⁺ CD4 ⁺, CD3 ⁺ CD8 ⁺, CD3^-CD16⁺CD56⁺- lymphocytes; level of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNFα in cells cultures stimulated by Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-lysate; amount of antibodies to EBV. Absolute white blood cell count and the percentage of each type of white blood cell; level of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF α in cell cultures stimulated by Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-lysate;	An increase in cytokine production by immunocompetent cells was observed during the mission upon their activation by the Epstein-Barr viral particles. The concentration of IFNγ and TNF were increased as well.
(75)		60 days	Count of CD2⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD19⁺, CD56⁺, CD45RA⁺, CD45RO⁺, CD25⁺-cells; proliferation assay of lymphocytes in PHA-stimulated cell cultures; level of CD3⁺CD25⁺-cells in stimulated cultures; NK-cell activity; level of IFN-γ, IFN-α in stimulated cells cultures.	No significant changes in explored parameters.
(76)		10 days	lymphocyte percentage; level of NK-cells and CD69⁺-NK-cells; total leukocyte counts, granulocyte and monocyte percentage.	Increased relative quantity of granulocytes and monocytes at the beginning of the confinement, and the number of granulocytes continued increasing throughout the experiment, while the rise of monocytes stabilized.
(77, 78)	NEEMO	14 days	lymphocyte percentage; count of CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺-cells; production of IFNγ, IL-5, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6, TNFα by lymphocytes; amount of antibodies to EBV total leukocyte counts, granulocyte and monocyte percentage; production of IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, IL-8, IL-1b by monocytes.	Monocytes and granulocytes were increased (significant for monocytes on the 13th day of the experiment). The expression of the β2-Integrin CD11b on granulocytes significantly increased at the 7th and 13th days of exposure as simultaneously the L-selectin CD62L showed a significant shedding.
(77, 78)	NEEMO	14 days		Lymphocyte count was significantly decreased on the 7th day of the experiment. At the same time an increase in the relative quantity of cells in the pool of memory T cells were found. Cytokines decreased starting from one week of the experiment.
(51)	Antarctic expedition in Neumayer III station.	1 year	lymphocyte percentage; level of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-2, and TNF in stimulated cells cultures; total leukocyte counts, granulocyte percentage.	No differences in immunological reaction between male and female participants were observed. All measured immunological parameters revealed a tendency to increase.
(79)	Antarctic expedition in Concordia station.	1 year	Lymphocyte counts and percentage; count of CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD19⁺, NK-cells, CD4 and CD8 naïve, bulk memory, central memory-cells; level of CD4⁺CD69⁺, CD8⁺CD69⁺, CD4⁺CD25⁺, CD8⁺CD25⁺, CD4⁺HLA-DR⁺, CD8⁺HLA-DR⁺- lymphocytes in stimulated cells cultures; level of G-CSF, CXCL/ENA-78, IL-1ra, in plasma; level of cytokines in stimulated cells cultures; CD272, CD150, CD28, CD80 gene expression; total leukocyte counts, granulocyte counts and percentage; level of G-CSF, CXCL/ENA-78, IL-1ra in plasma; level of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-2, and TNF in stimulated whole blood cultures; evaluation of oxidative burst; CD80 gene expression.	T-cells were significantly decreased during the expedition, the majority of other immune effectors were increased during the experiment.
(80)	Antarctic expedition in Concordia station.	4 month	lymphocyte counts and percentage; total leukocyte counts, granulocyte counts and percentage; evaluation of oxidative burst; level of CD62L expression on granulocytes.	During the whole expedition the oxidative activity of granulocytes increased. Also, during the first week of the expedition an increase in the quantity of CD26L+ granulocytes was observed.