Table 3.
Differential associations of incident PE, alone (PE-only) and in the context of NPD (PE + NPD), with demographic, clinical, aetiological and cognitive factors
| Binary exposure | PE-only | PE + NPD | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRa | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | p | |||
| Young age group | 1.54 | 1.18 | 2.01 | 0.001 | 1.84 | 1.21 | 2.78 | 0.004 |
| Female sex | 1.27 | 1.04 | 1.56 | 0.019 | 1.37 | 0.98 | 1.93 | 0.069 |
| Perceived status gap | 1.66 | 1.33 | 2.08 | 0.000 | 4.77a | 3.43 | 6.64 | 0.000 |
| Low social functioning | 1.40 | 1.15 | 1.71 | 0.001 | 6.21a | 4.22 | 9.14 | 0.000 |
| Any care | 1.24 | 0.94 | 1.65 | 0.124 | 13.87a | 9.83 | 19.58 | 0.000 |
| Mental health care | 1.03 | 0.70 | 1.52 | 0.886 | 10.79a | 7.73 | 15.05 | 0.000 |
| Antipsychotic use | 2.73 | 1.02 | 7.31 | 0.046 | 16.98a | 7.92 | 36.39 | 0.000 |
| Cannabis use | 1.82 | 0.58 | 5.67 | 0.302 | 10.36b | 4.23 | 25.35 | 0.000 |
| Childhood adversity | 1.66 | 1.32 | 2.08 | 0.000 | 3.92a | 2.82 | 5.46 | 0.000 |
| Life events | 1.33 | 1.09 | 1.62 | 0.005 | 2.35a | 1.66 | 3.34 | 0.000 |
| Ethnic minority | 1.29 | 0.90 | 1.84 | 0.166 | 2.33b | 1.45 | 3.75 | 0.000 |
| Hearing impairment | 2.07 | 1.34 | 3.18 | 0.001 | 1.96 | 0.96 | 4.00 | 0.065 |
| Urbanicity <16 years | 0.85 | 0.69 | 1.04 | 0.113 | 1.54a | 1.11 | 2.14 | 0.010 |
| Family history | 1.91 | 1.54 | 2.37 | 0.000 | 8.57a | 4.74 | 15.48 | 0.000 |
| PRS75 | 0.80 | 0.56 | 1.13 | 0.204 | 2.47a | 1.48 | 4.10 | 0.000 |
| JTC bias | 1.08 | 0.88 | 1.33 | 0.461 | 1.30 | 0.92 | 1.84 | 0.144 |
| Altered digit symbol | 1.56 | 1.24 | 1.97 | 0.000 | 2.10 | 1.41 | 3.12 | 0.000 |
HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. Young age group: aged 18–35 years; Perceived status gap: difference between actual and desired social position; Low social functioning: SF36 social functioning 75th percentile cut-off; Any care: any informal, medical or mental health care for mental problems or addiction; Cannabis use: once per week or more in the period of most frequent use; Childhood adversity: 80th percentile cut-off continuous adversity score before age 16 years; Life events: at least one life event in the last year; Minority: Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese, Antillean, Indonesian or other non-western ethnic group; Hearing impairment: T0 deafness or serious hearing impairment in the past 12 months; Urbanicity: 2 highest levels of 5-level urbanicity classification before age 16 years; Family history: family history mental disorder; PRS75: schizophrenia polygenic risk score 75th percentile cut-off; JTC: beads task decision 2 or less beads; Altered digit symbol: cut-off 75th percentile continuous score.
HR significantly greater in PE + NPD group compared to PE-only group, based on non-overlapping confidence intervals.
HR significant in PE + NPD group but not in PE-only group.