Table 2.
Parameter changes from baseline to after weight reduction intervention in the two groups
| L group (n = 22) | p-value | M group (n = 44) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | ||||
| Period | days | 204.1 ± 18.6 | 197.6 ± 24.9 | ||||
| Age | years | 49.1 ± 14.3 | 45.7 ± 14.0 | ||||
| Sex | M/F (%) | 5 (22.7)/17 (77.3) | 14 (31.8)/30 (68.2) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 9 (40.9) | 7 (15.9)* | ||||
| Hypertension | n (%) | 15 (68.2) | 15 (34.1)** | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | n (%) | 5 (22.7) | 14 (31.8) | ||||
| Body composition | |||||||
| Weight | kg | 86.7 (77.9–103.4) | 84.9 (75.6–104.2) | 0.001 | 95.6 ± 15.3 | 84.4 ± 14.6 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 35.6 ± 6.7 | 34.9 ± 6.9 | 0.002 | 34.5 (31.2–38.4) | 31.7 (28.3–34.8) | < 0.001 |
| %fat | % | 44.8 ± 6.5 | 43.9 ± 6.5 | 0.010 | 44.9 ± 6.5 | 41.9 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| %LBM | % | 53.5 ± 6.2 | 54.4 ± 6.1 | 0.006 | 53.2 ± 6.1 | 56.4 ± 8.2 | < 0.001 |
| VFA | cm3 | 186.6 ± 47.0 | 181.6 ± 69.5 | 0.211 | 181.3 ± 55.8 | 146.7 ± 57.6 | < 0.001 |
| SFA | cm3 | 422.3 ± 190.8 | 402 ± 178.8 | 0.021 | 418.0 ± 147.0 | 361.2 ± 150.5 | < 0.001 |
| Exercise capacity and muscle strength | |||||||
| ATVO2 | ml/kg/min | 11.0 ± 1.6 | 11.3 ± 1.9 | 0.315 | 11.4 (9.8–12.5) | 11.8 (10.8–13.5) | 0.002 |
| PeakVO2 | ml/kg/min | 17.4 ± 3.3 | 17.6 ± 3.9 | 0.618 | 18.3 (15.7–20.4) | 20.5 (17.7–23.9) | < 0.001 |
| Handgrip | Kg | 26.0 ± 7.1 | 24.4 ± 7.9 | 0.293 | 26.5 ± 9.0 | 28.1 ± 7.5 | 0.032 |
| Leg strength | N∙m/kg | 1.48 ± 0.27 | 1.45 ± 0.34 | 0.837 | 1.46 ± 0.34 | 1.56 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | kcal/day | 99.0 (14.3–274.3) | 139.3 (26.8–219.6) | 0.575 | 53.6 (21.4–120.0) | 198.0 (107.1–353.6) | 0.002 |
| Blood sample | |||||||
| Fasting GLU | mg/dL | 104.5 ± 12.4 | 102.9 ± 16.3 | 0.586 | 95.5 (87.0–102.8)** | 94.0 (87.3–97.8) | 0.047 |
| HbA1c | % | 6.0 (5.6–6.3) | 6.0 (5.5–6.2) | 0.757 | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) | 5.6 (5.4–5.8) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting insulin | μU/mL | 14.9 (8.5–17.9) | 11.4 (8.5–22.0) | 0.270 | 14.3 (9.6–19.7) | 12.6 (8.0–20.8) | 0.436 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.5 (2.3–4.6) | 2.9 (2.0–5.7) | 0.372 | 3.4 (2.0–5.0) | 2.9 (1.8–5.0) | 0.165 | |
| Adiponectin | μg/mL | 2.86 (1.81–3.81) | 3.06 (1.63–4.25) | < 0.001 | 4.15 (3.21–5.35) | 4.23 (2.86–6.22) | < 0.001 |
| Myostatin | pg/mL | 2381.1 ± 760.8 | 2980.0 ± 1088.9 | 0.003 | 2377.5 (1751.1–2910.3) | 2472.3 (2150.9–3472.3) | 0.002 |
| Leptin | ng/mL | 21.2 (15.4–38.0) | 14.2 (9.1–32.6) | 0.004 | 24.1 (15.0–35.7) | 15.0 (7.4–22.0) | < 0.001 |
| Irisin | ng/mL | 24.8 (20.1–27.3) | 17.5 (16.8–18.7) | < 0.001 | 22.8 (18.8–27.7) | 17.6 (16.5–18.8) | < 0.001 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (25, 75% quartile)
L group, < 5% of weight loss; M group, > 5% of weight loss
% of sex, DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are shown as percentages of group members
p-values show comparisons between pre- and post-intervention groups
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 for comparisons between < 5% weight loss and > 5% weight loss groups pre-intervention
%fat, fat mass/weight × 100
%LBM, lean body mass/weight × 100
AT anaerobic threshold, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, F female, GLU glucose, HbA1c hemoglobin Alc, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, IRI immunoreactive insulin, M male, SFA subcutaneous fat area, VFA visceral fat area, VO2 oxygen consumption