Table 3.
Changes in cardiopulmonary function of the participants after the 6-week intervention from baseline
| control Group | Lower Dosage | Medium Dosage | High Dosage | Time P value | T × D P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∆O2-pulse max (L/min/bpm) | 0.73 (− 0.23, 1.68) | 1.25 (0.23,2.27) | 0.82 (0.07, 1.70) | 1.17 (0.32, 2.02) | < 0.01 | 0.56 |
| ∆RER max | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | −0.02 (− 0.07, 0.07) | 0.05 (− 0.16, 0.11) | 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.14) | 0.04 | 0.36 |
∆  (L/min) |
0.18 (0.02, 0.36) | 0.23 (0.09,0.37) | 0.26 (1.74, 0.35) | 0.32 (0.20, 0.43) | < 0.01 | 0.48 |
| ∆ Peak power (Mets) | 0.72 (−0.04, 1.49) | 1.05 (0.45,1.65) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.58) | 1.45 (0.86, 2.06) | < 0.01 | 0.31 |
| ∆Peak workload (W) | 10.9 (−2.47, 24.24) | 11.25 (−0.43, 22.93) | 13.58 (5.44, 21.7) | 13.93 (8.92, 18.95) | < 0.01 | 0.58 |
| ∆HR@VT1 (bpm) | 5.8& (0.3, , 11.4) | 5.2& (1.1, 9.2) | 12.8 (7.8, 17.8) | 16.0 (10.4, 21.5) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| ∆O2-pulse @VT1 (L/min/bpm) | 0.55 (−0.37, 1.46) | 1.17 (0.71,1.62) | 0.92 (0.17, 2.20) | 2.00 (1.23, 2.77) | < 0.01 | 0.10 |
∆  @VT1 (L/min) |
0.17#& (0.09, 0.24) | 0.24& (0.18,0.30) | 0.33 (0.25, 0.41) | 0.47 (0.34, 0.60) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| ∆Power @AVT1 (Mets) | 0.69#& (0.35, 1.03) | 1.06& (0.80,1.31) | 1.41& (1.02, 1.79) | 2.13 (1.56, 2.69) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
∆%  @VT1 (%) |
2.1& (−0.85, 1.49) | 3.5& (0.05,7.00) | 6.5 (3.62, 9.43) | 10.3 (7.61,13.05) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| ∆HR@VT2 (bpm) | 5.6 (1.9, 9.4) | 6.7 (3.2, 10.2) | 10.8 (4.5, 17.2) | 12.4 (4.4, 20.5) | < 0.01 | 0.23 |
| ∆O2-pulse @VT2 (L/min/bpm) | 0.55 (−0.37, 1.47) | 1.58 (0.95,2.22) | 0.50 (0.04, 1.91) | 1.67 (0.72, 2.62) | < 0.01 | 0.16 |
∆  @VT2 (L/min) |
0.20 (0.03, 1.49) | 0.39 (0.26,0.52) | 0.33 (0.22, 0.44) | 0.44 (0.29, 0.58) | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
| ∆ Power @VT2 (Mets) | 0.78 (0.07, 1.49) | 1.78 (1.20,2.35) | 1.56 (1.00, 2.11) | 2.04 (1.34, 2.73) | < 0.01 | 0.03 |
∆%  @VT2 (%) |
1.55 (−1.75, 4.84) | 6.67 (3.20,10.10) | 4.25 (1.28, 7.22) | 6.58 (3.57, 9.59) | < 0.01 | 0.06 |
| ∆O2/∆WR slope (ml/min/w) | 0.11 (−0.58, 0.79) | 0.44 (−0.16,1.04) | 0.58 (0.01, 1.16) | 0.69 (0.06, 1.45) | < 0.01 | 0.56 |
Note: The difference of parameter between pre and post intervention among four groups were performed using one-way ANOVA. #VS medium dosage, P < 0.05, &VS large dosage, P < 0.05
ANOVA for repeated measurement for interaction of time (T) and dose (D). bpm, beat per minute