Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, by opioid overdose history (N = 2360)
| Characteristic | Total sample N = 2360 |
No reported overdoses n = 1619 (68.6%) |
Lifetime history of overdoses n = 562 (23.8%) |
ED visit for overdose in the last year n = 179 (7.6%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age; mean (SD) | 39.3 (10.9) | 40.0 (10.8) | 38.8 (11.1) | 34.9(9.6) |
| Female sexa; n (%) | 1046 (44.3%) | 728 (45%) | 245 (43.7%) | 73(40.8%) |
|
Ethnicity; n (%) Caucasian Other |
1705 (72.3%) 655 (27.8%) |
1154 (71.3%) 465 (28.7%) |
422 (75.1%) 140 (24.9%) |
129 (72.1%) 50 (27.9%) [3] |
| Married or common law; n (%) | 691 (29.3%) | 515 (31.8%) | 135 (24%) | 41 (22.9%) |
| High school education; n (%) | 668 (28.3%) | 473 (29.2%) | 153 (27.2%) | 42 (23.5%) |
| Children; n (%) | 1615 (68.4%) | 1132 (69.9%) | 366 (65.1%) | 117 (65.4%) |
| Currently working; n (%) | 780(33.1%) | 592 (36.6%) | 158 (28.1%) | 30 (16.8%) |
| Receiving social assistanceb; n (%) | 1298 (55%) | 827 (51.1%) | 350 (62.3%) | 121 (67.6%) |
| Treatment | ||||
|
Type of MATc; n (%) Methadone Suboxone |
1868 (79.3%) 488 (20.7%) |
1270 (78.6%) 346 (21.4%) |
456 (81.3%) 105 (18.7%) |
142 (79.3%) 37 (20.7%) |
|
Dose; mean (SD) Methadone Suboxone |
70.5 (40.6) 12.0 (6.8) |
69.5(42.4) 11.9 (6.9) |
76.9(37.1) 12.6 (6.4) |
58.9 (31.5) 11.2 (6.4) |
| Years in treatment; median (Q1, Q3) | 2.6 (0.8, 6) | 3(1, 6.75) | 2.4 (0.8, 7) | 0.6(0.2,2) |
| Previous Treatment for Opioid Dependencea; n (%) | 804 (34.1%) | 500 (30.9%) | 217 (38.6%) | 87 (48.6%) |
| Abstinent from opioid use at study entryd; n(%) | 732 (31.1%) | 537 (33.3%) | 166 (29.7%) | 29 (16.3%) |
| Percentage of opioid-positive urine drug screens if non-abstinent at study entryd; mean (SD) | 16.3 (23.3) | 15.1 (22.9) | 16.7 (22.8) | 25.9 (25.9) |
| Substance use | ||||
| Age start using opioids regularlya; mean (SD) | 24.9 (9.3) | 25.9 (9.6) | 22.7 (8.3) | 22.4 (8.1) |
| IV drug use (past 30 days); n(%) | 375 (15.9%) | 164 (10.1%) | 127 (22.6%) | 84 (46.9%) |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 870 (36.9%) | 588 (36.3%) | 208 (37%) | 74 (41.6%) |
| Prescription benzodiazepine use, n (%) | 369 (15.6%) | 242 (15%) | 103 (18.3%) | 24 (13.4%) |
| Non-prescription use of benzodiazepines (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 180 (7.6%) | 88 (5.4%) | 64 (11.4%) | 28 (15.7%) |
| Cannabis use (past 30 days)e; n (%) | 1257 (53.3%) | 846 (52.3%) | 301 (53.6%) | 110 (61.8%) |
| Have access to naloxone kits; n (%) | 1840 (78%) | 1210 (74.7%) | 472 (84%) | 158 (88.3%) |
| Know how to use naloxone; n (%) | 1907 (80.8%) | 1243 (76.8%) | 493 (87.7%) | 171 (95.5%) |
| Mental and physical health | ||||
| Suicidal ideation; n (%) | 489 (20.7%) | 298 (18.4%) | 134 (23.8%) | 57 (31.8%) |
| Total physical symptoms score on MAPc; mean (SD) | 14.3 (8.0) | 13.8 (7.9) | 15.2 (8.0) | 16.0 (8.5) |
| Total psychological symptoms score on MAPf; mean (SD) | 11.7 (9.0) | 10.7 (8.8) | 13.4(8.9) | 14.6 (9.5) |
SD = Standard deviations, MAT = medication-assisted treatment, IV = intravenous, MAP = Maudsley Addiction Profile
aData available for 2359 participants
bData available for 1580 participants
cData available for 2356 participants
dData available for 2352 participants
eData available for 2358 participants
fData available for 2354 participants