Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate multinomial analysis of demographic and clinical factors associated with overdose status (N = 2360)
| Univariate multinomial analysis | Multivariate multinomial analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overdose status | Covariate | OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| No reported overdoses [reference] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lifetime history of overdoses | Age by five-year increments | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.024 | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.98 | 0.007 |
| Sex | 0.95 | 0.78, 1.15 | 0.595 | 0.88 | 0.72, 1.08 | 0.210 | |
| MAT | 0.85 | 0.66, 1.08 | 0.175 | 1.19 | 0.88, 1.60 | 0.254 | |
| Dose | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 | 0.005 | |
| Years in treatment | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.04 | 0.061 | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.04 | 0.082 | |
| Have access to naloxone kits | 1.77 | 1.38, 2.28 | < 0.001 | 1.59 | 1.23, 2.06 | < 0.001 | |
| Suicidal Ideation | 1.39 | 1.10, 1.75 | 0.005 | 1.17 | 0.92, 1.50 | 0.202 | |
| Total physical symptoms score on MAP | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.04 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.03 | 0.005 | |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | 1.03 | 0.84, 1.26 | 0.776 | 1.01 | 0.82, 1.24 | 0.927 | |
| Prescription benzodiazepine use | 1.28 | 0.99, 1.65 | 0.059 | 1.08 | 0.83, 1.42 | 0.559 | |
| Non-prescription use of benzodiazepines (past 30 days) | 2.23 | 1.59, 3.13 | < 0.001 | 1.87 | 1.32, 2.66 | < 0.001 | |
| Opioid abstinence at study entry | 0.85 | 0.69, 1.04 | 0.122 | 0.92 | 0.74, 1.14 | 0.445 | |
| ED visit for overdose in the last year | Age by 5-year increments | 0.95 | 0.94, 0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.84 | 0.77, 0.92 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | 0.84 | 0.62, 1.15 | 0.286 | 0.77 | 0.55, 1.08 | 0.128 | |
| MAT | 0.96 | 0.65, 1.40 | 0.819 | 0.73 | 0.45, 1.16 | 0.181 | |
| Dose | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.015 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.068 | |
| Years in treatment | 0.88 | 0.84, 0.92 | < 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.87, 0.97 | 0.001 | |
| Have access to naloxone kits | 2.54 | 1.59, 4.06 | < 0.001 | 1.90 | 1.17, 3.08 | 0.01 | |
| Suicidal Ideation | 2.07 | 1.48, 2.91 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | 0.97, 2.03 | 0.071 | |
| Total physical symptoms score on MAP | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.05 | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.05 | 0.005 | |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | 1.25 | 0.91, 1.71 | 0.170 | 1.02 | 0.73, 1.43 | 0.886 | |
| Prescription benzodiazepine use | 0.88 | 0.56, 1.38 | 0.582 | 1.02 | 0.63, 1.63 | 0.944 | |
| Non-prescription use of benzodiazepines (past 30 days) | 3.25 | 2.05, 5.13 | < 0.001 | 2.34 | 1.43, 3.81 | 0.001 | |
| Opioid abstinence at study entry | 0.39 | 0.26, 0.59 | < 0.001 | 0.49 | 0.32, 0.75 | 0.001 | |
OR Relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval