Table 2.
Demographics and lifestyle behaviours of study participants stratified by pregnancy outcome
| Cohort | Uncomplicated | Adverse pregnancy outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite | HDP | GDM | sPTB | SGA | |||
| n=3684 | n=2972 (80.7) | n=712 (19.3) | n = 298 (8.1) | n=184 (5.0) | n=127 (3.4) | n=133 (3.6) | |
| Age (years) | 30.8 (28.0-33.6) | 30.8 (27.9-33.6) | 30.8 (28.2 -33.7) | 30.3 (27.6-32.9) | 31.8 (29.7-34.8)* | 30.6 (28.2-32.6) | 30.6 (28.0-33.9) |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Caucasian | 3330 (90.4) | 2706 (91.0) | 624 (87.6) | 277 (93.0) | 144 (78.3) | 117 (92.1) | 111 (83.5) |
| Non-Caucasian | 354 (9.6) | 266 (9.0) | 88 (12.4)* | 21 (7.0) | 40 (21.7) | 10 (7.9) | 22 (16.5)* |
| Educational level | |||||||
| Low | 279 (7.6) | 213 (7.2) | 66 (9.3)* | 20 (6.7) | 18 (9.8) | 11 (8.7) | 20 (15.0)* |
| Medium | 1274 (34.6) | 995 (33.5) | 279 (39.3)* | 124 (41.6)* | 82 (44.6)* | 47 (37.0) | 49 (36.8) |
| High | 2131 (57.8) | 1764 (59.3) | 367 (51.4) | 154 (51.7) | 84 (45.7) | 69 (54.3) | 64 (48.2) |
| Parity | |||||||
| Nullipara | 1643 (44.6) | 1224 (41.2) | 418 (58.8)* | 189 (63.4)* | 73 (39.7) | 86 (67.7)* | 34 (25.6)* |
| Multipara | 2041 (55.4) | 1748 (58.8) | 293 (41.2) | 109 (36.6) | 110 (59.8) | 41 (32.3) | 99 (74.4) |
| Mode of conception | |||||||
| Spontaneous conception | 3429 (93.1) | 2791 (93.9) | 638 (89.6) | 261 (87.6) | 155 (84.2) | 116 (91.4) | 120 (90.2) |
| Non- spontaneous conception | 255 (6.9) | 181 (6.1) | 74 (10.4)* | 37 (12.4)* | 29 (15.8)* | 11 (8.7) | 13 (9.8) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | |||||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 99 (2.7) | 81 (2.7) | 18 (2.5)* | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 4 (3.1) | 9 (6.8)* |
| Normal weight (18.5-25 kg/m2) | 2367 (64.3) | 2001 (67.4) | 367 (51.6) | 137 (45.9) | 67 (36.4) | 86 (67.7) | 86 (64.6) |
| Overweight (25-30 kg/m2) | 852 (23.1) | 654 (22.0) | 198 (27.8)* | 97 (32.6)* | 57 (31.0)* | 28 (22.0) | 25 (18.8) |
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 366 (9.9) | 236 (7.9) | 129 (18.1)* | 62 (20.8)* | 57 (31.0)* | 9 (7.1) | 13 (9.8) |
| Smoking | |||||||
| No preconception smoking | 2913 (79.0) | 2388 (80.3) | 526 (73.8) | 224 (75.2) | 140 (76.1) | 86 (67.7) | 92 (69.2) |
| Smoked, quit prenatal | 492 (13.4) | 371 (12.5) | 120 (16.9)* | 53 (17.8) | 29 (15.8) | 26 (20.5)* | 20 (15.0)* |
| Smoked, did not quit prenatal | 279 (7.6) | 213 (7.2) | 66 (9.3) | 21 (7.0) | 15 (8.2) | 15 (11.8)* | 21 (15.8) |
| Alcohol use | |||||||
| No preconception use | 1440 (39.1) | 1138 (38.3) | 302 (42.4) | 119 (39.9) | 101 (54.9) | 48 (37.8) | 55 (41.4) |
| Used alcohol, quit prenatal | 2216 (60.1) | 1810 (60.9) | 406 (57.0) | 178 (59.7) | 83 (45.1)* | 79 (62.2) | 76 (57.1) |
| Used alcohol, did not quit prenatal | 28 (0.8) | 24 (0.8) | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) |
| Folic acid useb (incl. multivitamin) | |||||||
| No preconception use | 430 (11.7) | 330 (11.1) | 99 (13.9) | 42 (14.1) | 27 (14.7) | 15 (11.8) | 20 (15.0) |
| Only prenatal | 1077 (29.2) | 879 (29.6) | 198 (27.8) | 77 (25.8) | 50 (27.2) | 37 (29.1) | 42 (31.6) |
| Preconception and prenatal | 2177 (59.1) | 1763 (59.3) | 415 (58.3) | 179 (60.1) | 107 (58.2) | 75 (59.1) | 71 (53.4) |
| Vitamin useb | |||||||
| No preconception use | 1276 (34.6) | 998 (33.6) | 279 (39.2) | 123 (41.3) | 65 (35.3) | 44 (34.6) | 61 (45.8) |
| Only prenatal | 1405 (38.1) | 1161 (39.0) | 243 (34.1) | 96 (32.2) | 68 (37.0) | 44 (34.6) | 40 (30.1) |
| Preconception and prenatal | 1003 (27.3) | 813 (27.4) | 190 (26.7) | 79 (26.5) | 51 (17.7) | 39 (30.7) | 32 (24.1) |
| Fruit | |||||||
| Daily fruit intake < 2 pieces | 1409 (38.2) | 1124 (37.8) | 285 (40.0) | 122 (40.9) | 71 (38.6) | 46 (36.2) | 56 (42.1) |
| Daily fruit intake ≥ 2 pieces | 2275 (61.8) | 1849 (62.2) | 427 (60.0) | 176 (59.1) | 112 (60.9) | 81 (63.8) | 77 (57.9) |
values are presented as median (IQR) or n (%)
participants can have more than 1 adverse pregnancy outcome therefore the numbers do not add up
HDP hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, GDM gestational diabetes, sPTB spontaneous preterm birth, SGA small for gestational age
*differs significantly from the uncomplicated group based on logistic regression analysis, p<0.05
acomposite outcome: women with one of the following complications; HDP, SGA, GDM, sPTB or fetal death
bwomen using multivitamin were categorized in both ‘folic acid use’ and ‘vitamin use’