Table 3.
Associations between lifestyle behaviours and adverse pregnancy outcome
| Composite (n=712)a | HDP (n=298) | GDM (n=184) | sPTB (n=127) | SGA (n=133) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)b | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)b | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)b | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI)b | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.18 (0.66-2.12) | 1.22 (0.67 - 2.23) | 0.43 (0.11-1.74) | 0.44 (0.11-1.82) | 0.86 (0.20-3.68) | 0.92 (0.21-4.04) | 1.07 (0.32-3.60) | 1.10 (0.32-3.79) | 2.65 (1.23-5.74) | 2.64 (1.17-5.96) |
| Normal weight (18.5-25 kg/m2) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Overweight (25-30 kg/m2) | 1.65 (1.35-2.03) | 1.61 (1.31 - 1.99) | 2.18 (1.5-2.89) | 2.17 (1.63-2.89) | 2.59 (1.77-3.80) | 2.38 (1.60-3.54) | 1.01 (0.63-1.61) | 0.99 (0.61-1.60) | 0.89 (0.52-1.51) | 0.84 (0.48-1.46) |
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 2.96 (2.31-3.80) | 2.85 (2.20 - 3.68) | 3.83 (2.72-5.38) | 3.80 (2.68-5.40) | 7.18 (4.74 - 10.89) | 6.85 (4.39-10.71) | 0.85 (0.37-1.93) | 0.82 (0.36 - 1.85) | 1.29 (0.67-2.50) | 1.16 (0.59 - 2.31) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| no preconception use | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| smoked, quit prenatal | 1.48 (1.16-1.87) | 1.32 (1.03 - 1.70) | 1.52 (1.08-2.14) | 1.33 (0.94-1.90) | 1.33 (0.87-2.05) | 1.24 (0.79-1.95) | 1.93 (1.19-3.13) | 1.76 (1.05-2.93) | 1.38 (0.75-2.53) | 1.14 (0.59-2.21) |
| smoked, did not quit prenatal | 1.41 (1.03-1.94) | 1.23 (0.86-1.75) | 1.03 (0.61-1.72) | 0.88 (0.52-1.50) | 1.17 (0.64-2.13) | 1.05 (0.55-2.02) | 1.91 (1.04-3.49) | 1.83 (0.91-3.65) | 2.47 (1.45-4.21) | 1.91 (1.05 - 1.15) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
| no preconception use | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| used alcohol, quit prenatal | 0.85 (0.70-1.02) | 0.84 (0.69 - 1.03) | 0.94 (0.72-1.24) | 0.87 (0.65-1.15) | 0.51 (0.37-0.71) | 0.65 (0.46-0.93) | 1.03 (0.71-1.51) | 0.89 (0.60-1.34) | 0.88 (0.60-1.31) | 0.88 (0.57-1.36) |
| used alcohol, did not quit prenatalc | 0.58 (0.17-1.92) | 0.57 (0.17-1.94) | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| Folic acid usede | ||||||||||
| no preconception use | 1.28 (0.98-1.65) | 1.28 (0.97-1.69) | 1.26 (0.87-1.81) | 1.48 (1.00-2.18) | 1.33 (0.84-2.11) | 0.97 (0.58-1.62) | 1.02 (0.54-1.92) | 1.18 (0.59-2.35) | 1.51 (0.86-2.63) | 1.41 (0.75-2.64) |
| only prenatal | 0.96 (0.79-1.17) | 1.01 (0.82-1.25) | 0.85 (0.63-1.14) | 0.95 (0.70-1.31) | 0.93 (0.65-1.33) | 0.96 (0.66-1.40) | 0.99 (0.65-1.50) | 1.10 (0.70-1.71) | 1.17 (0.77-1.76) | 1.26 (0.81-1.96) |
| preconception and prenatal | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Vitamin useef | ||||||||||
| no preconception use | 1.19 (0.96-1.48) | 1.19 (0.95-1.50) | 1.26 (0.93-1.72) | 1.36 (0.99-1.87) | 1.05 (0.71-1.55) | 0.91 (0.60-1.38) | 0.92 (0.58-1.45) | 0.95 (0.59-1.54) | 1.53 (0.94-2.47) | 1.48 (0.88-2.49) |
| only prenatal | 0.90 (0.72-1.11) | 0.89 (0.72-1.12) | 0.85 (0.61-1.17) | 0.86 (0.61-1.20) | 0.95 (0.64-1.39) | 0.99 (0.67-1.46) | 0.78 (0.50-1.22) | 0.78 (0.49-1.22) | 0.87 (0.53-1.44) | 0.87 (0.53-1.46) |
| preconception and prenatal | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Fruit | ||||||||||
| daily fruit intake < 2 pieces | 0.91 (0.76-1.08) | 0.84 (0.70-1.01) | 0.87 (0.73-1.14) | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) | 0.96 (0.69-1.32) | 0.92 (0.66-1.29) | 1.08 (0.74-1.59) | 0.96 (0.64-1.44) | 0.84 (0.58-1.21) | 0.72 (0.49-1.06) |
| daily fruit intake ≥ 2 pieces | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
HDP hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, GDM gestational diabetes, sPTB spontaneous preterm birth, SGA small for gestational age, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
acomposite outcome: women with one of the following complications; HDP, GDM, sPTB, SGA or fetal death.
badjusted for non-modifiable factors (age, ethnicity, educational level, nulliparity, spontaneous conception)
cn was too small in total population (n=28) to calculate odds ratios
dincluding multivitamin use
ewomen using multivitamin were categorized in both ‘folic acid use’ and ‘vitamin use’
fvitamin C, vitamin D, calcium or multivitamin use