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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 8.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2021 Feb 25;55(Suppl 1):89–105. doi: 10.33594/000000332

Table 1. Comparison of the hypertonic stress response in eukaryotic organisms.

The compatible osmolytes and mechanisms of transcriptional induction, post-transcriptional induction, and the transcriptional repression of the hypertonic stress response (HSTR) are compared among S. cerevisiae, C. elegans, and mammals.

Characteristic of hypertonic stress response S. cerevisiae C. elegans Mammals
Compatible osmolytes Glycerol, trehalose Glycerol Sorbitol, myo-inositol, betaine, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), taurine
Osmolyte accumulation proteins GPD1, GPD2, TPS1, TPS2 GPDH-1,-2 Aldose reductase, SMIT, BGS1, GPC1, TAUT
Transcriptional upregulation? Yes (MAP kinase dependent) Yes (MAP kinase independent) Yes (partially MAP kinase dependent)
Transcription factors Hog1, Sko1, Hot1, others GATA factors
• elt-2,-3 		Rel-type factors

  • NFAT5/TonEBP
Post-transcriptional upregulation? Unknown Yes (OGT-1 dependent) Unknown
Extracellular proteins required for transcriptional inhibition Mucins

  • Hkr2, Msb1

 Mucin-like

  • osm-8

Collagens

  • dpy-7,-8,-9,-10

Others

  • osm-7,-11, osr-1

 Unknown
Dependence of transcriptional inhibition on canonical induction pathways? Yes

  • Hog1

 Yes

  • elt-2/-3, ogt-1

 Unknown
Activation of osmolyte accumulation by inhibition of protein translation? Unknown Yes

  • gcn-1/-2, gck-3, wnk-1

 Unknown
Induction of protein misfolding by HTS? Unknown Yes Yes