Table 1.

Summary of selected clinical trials

Author (year)	Phase; NCT	ICI‐based therapeutic regimen	Number of patients (n)	Sponsor
Sangro et al. (2013)	Pilot study NCT01008358	2L tremelimumab 15 mg/kg on day 1 of 90‐day cycle	n = 21	Universidad de Navarra
El‐Khoueiry et al. (2017)	Phase I/II NCT01658878	Dose‐escalation phase [A] 1L/2L nivolumab 0.1–10 mg/kg Q2W Dose‐expansion phase [B] 1L/2L nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W	[A] n = 48 0.1 mg/kg (n = 6) 0.3 mg/kg (n = 9) 1 mg/kg (n = 10) 3 mg/kg (n = 10) 10 mg/kg (n = 13) [B] n = 214	Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Yen et al. (2017)	Phase Ia/Ib NCT02407990	2L BGB‐A317 (tislelizumab) 5 mg/kg Q3W	n = 11	BeiGene
Wainberg et al. (2017)	Phase I/II NCT01693562	2L durvalumab 10 mg/kg Q2W	n = 40	MedImmune LLC
Kelley et al. (2017)	Phase I/II NCT02519348	2L durvalumab 20 mg/kg + tremelimumab 1 mg/kg Q4W (four doses) Followed by durvalumab 20 mg/kg Q4W	n = 40	MedImmune LLC
Pishvaian et al. (2018)	Phase Ib NCT02715531	1L atezolizumab 1,200 mg + bevacizumab 15 mg/kg Q3W	n = 68	Hoffmann‐La Roche
Zhu et al. (2018)	Phase II NCT02702414	2L pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W	n = 104	MSD
Finn et al. (2019)	Phase III NCT02702401	2L pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W + BSC	n = 278	MSD
Floudas et al. (2019)	Pilot study; NCT02821754	2L tremelimumab 75 mg + durvalumab 1,500 mg (four doses) Followed by durvalumab 1,500 mg	n = 10	National Cancer Institute
Kudo et al. (2019a)	Phase I/II NCT01658878	1L/2L nivolumab 240 mg Q2W	n = 49	Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Kudo et al. (2019b)	Phase Ib NCT03289533	1L avelumab 10 mg/kg Q2W + axitinib 5 mg BID	n = 22	Pfizer
Yau et al. (2019a)	Phase I/II NCT01658878	Arm [A]: 2L nivolumab 1 mg/kg + ipilimumab 3 mg/kg Q3W (four doses) Arm [B]: 2L nivolumab 3 mg/kg + ipilimumab 1 mg/kg Q3W (four doses) Arm [C]: 2L nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W + ipilimumab 1 mg/kg Q6W	[A] n = 50 [B] n = 49 [C] n = 49	Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Yau et al. (2019b)	Phase III NCT02576509	1L nivolumab 240 mg Q2W	n = 371	Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Finn et al. (2020)	Phase III NCT03434379	1L atezolizumab 1,200 mg + bevacizumab 15 mg/kg Q3W	n = 336	Hoffmann‐La Roche
Yau et al. (2020)	Phase I/II NCT01658878	Arm [A]: 1L/2L nivolumab 240 mg Q2W + cabozantinib 40 mg daily Arm [B]: 1L/2L nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W + cabozantinib 40 mg daily + ipilimumab 1 mg/kg Q6W	[A] n = 36 [B] n = 35	Bristol‐Myers Squibb
Finn et al. (2020)	Phase Ib NCT03006926	1L lenvatinib daily + pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W	n = 100	Eisai Co. Ltd.
Qin et al. (2020)	Phase II NCT02989922	[A] 2L camrelizumab 3 mg/kg Q2W [B] 2L camrelizumab 3 mg/kg Q3W	[A] n = 109 [B] n = 108	Jiangsu Hengrui

Abbreviations: 1L, first‐line treatment (sorafenib‐naïve); 2L, second‐line treatment (sorafenib‐experienced); BID, twice a day; BSC, best supportive care; ICI, immune‐checkpoint inhibitor; MSD, Merck Sharp & Dohme; Q2W, every 2 weeks; Q3W, every 3 weeks; Q4W, every 4 weeks; Q6W, every 6 weeks.