Table 2.
Construct validation of kinematic metrics
| BM Expert (54 cases) |
BM Novice (42 cases) |
p Value | Cohen’s d | SVD Expert (75 cases) |
SVD Novice (24 cases) |
p Value | Cohen’s d | AA Expert (75 cases) |
AA Novice (24 cases) |
p Value | Cohen’s d | RLD Expert (31 cases) |
RLD Novice (21 cases) |
p Value | Cohen’s d | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |||||||||||||||||
| Kinematic metrics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overall: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Task completion time (min) | 10.6 | (9–12.5) | 26.8 | (24.2–29) | <0.001 | 1 | 8.7 | (7.9–9.6) | 15.5 | (13.9–17.1) | <0.001 | 1.4 | 5.7 | (5.2–6.2) | 15.7 | (15–16.4) | <0.001 | 1.6 | 10 | (8.9–11.3) | 20.8 | (17.5–23.1) | <0.001 | 1.1 |
| Instruments path length (m) | 25 | (21.4–28.5) | 45.2 | (40.9–49.5) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 14.6 | (13.5–15.8) | 20.9 | (19.2–22.7) | <0.001 | 1 | 9.9 | (9.4–10.3) | 21.1 | (18.9–23.5) | <0.001 | 1.2 | 21.2 | (16.8–25.7) | 39 | (28.1–46.5) | <0.001 | 0.8 |
| Instruments idle time (sec) | 29 | (21–38) | 246 | (51–404) | <0.001 | 0.7 | 17 | (12–21) | 58 | (39–88) | 0.001 | 0.7 | 11 | (9–13) | 33 | (24–41) | <0.001 | 0.8 | 24 | (13–40) | 32 | (22–56) | 0.5 | |
| Dominant instrument: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Path length (m) | 15.8 | (13.8–17.7) | 28.2 | (25.4–30.9) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 9.6 | (8.8–10.3) | 12.4 | (11.1–13.6) | 0.003 | 0.8 | 5.4 | (4.9–5.8) | 10.5 | (9.1–11.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 14 | (12.1–16.2) | 23.5 | (18.7–27.6) | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| Moving time (min) | 8.8 | (7.6–9.2) | 21.9 | (20.4–23.1) | <0.001 | 1.5 | 7.4 | (6.7–8) | 11.8 | (10.4–13.1) | <0.001 | 1.2 | 5.1 | (4.5–5.8) | 13.9 | (13.3–14.5) | <0.001 | 1.6 | 7.6 | (6.9–8.3) | 16.3 | (14.3–18.7) | <0.001 | 1 |
| Velocity (cm/sec) | 2.9 | (2.8–3) | 2.1 | (2–2.2) | <0.001 | 1.5 | 2.2 | (2.1–2.2) | 1.8 | (1.7–1.9) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 1.8 | (1.7–1.8) | 1.2 | (1.2–1.3) | <0.001 | 1.4 | 2.8 | (2.8–2.9) | 2.2 | (2.2–2.3) | <0.001 | 1.2 |
| Idle time (sec) | 120 | (84–170) | 411 | (257–755) | <0.001 | 0.7 | 110 | (91–119) | 252 | (177–381) | <0.001 | 1 | 31 | (28–42) | 84 | (62–117) | <0.001 | 1 | 132 | (91–169) | 160 | (127–192) | 0.06 | |
| Nondominant instrument: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Path length (m) | 8.1 | (6.8–9.6) | 18.2 | (16.4–20) | <0.001 | 1.3 | 4.3 | (4–4.7) | 7 | (6.2–8) | <0.001 | 1.2 | 5.4 | (4.8–5.7) | 10.4 | (9–11.7) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 6.6 | (5.3–7.5) | 14 | (11.7–17) | <0.001 | 0.9 |
| Moving time (min) | 9 | (7.6–11.2) | 24.1 | (22–26.1) | <0.001 | 1.5 | 8.2 | (7.6–9.1) | 14 | (12.3–16.3) | <0.001 | 1.3 | 5.1 | (4.5–5.7) | 13.9 | (13.4–14.1) | <0.001 | 1.6 | 8.3 | (7.1–9.9) | 17.6 | (14.8–21.1) | <0.001 | 1 |
| Velocity (cm/sec) | 1.6 | (1.5–1.6) | 1.3 | (1.2–1.3) | <0.001 | 1 | 0.9 | (0.9–1) | 0.8 | (0.7–0.8) | 0.04 | 0.2 | 1.5 | (1.5–1.6) | 1 | (0.9–1) | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.2 | (1.2–1.3) | 1.2 | (1.1–1.2) | 0.6 | |
| Idle time (sec) | 91 | (69–127) | 392 | (185–569) | <0.001 | 0.4 | 42 | (39–48) | 127 | (79–132) | <0.001 | 0.8 | 32 | (27–40) | 88 | (78–108) | <0.001 | 1.2 | 102 | (86–117) | 135 | (121–154) | 0.03 | 0.4 |
| Camera path length (m) | 1.8 | (1.4–2.3) | 3.6 | (2.9–4.2) | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7 | (0.6–0.8) | 1 | (0.9–1.1) | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.9 | (0.8–1) | 1.4 | (1.2–1.7) | 0.001 | 0.8 | 1.4 | (1.4–1.5) | 2 | (1.8–2.2) | 0.04 | 0.6 |
| Systemic event metrics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Camera movement (times/min) | 8.4 | (7.8–8.4) | 4.8 | (4.8–5.6) | <0.001 | 0.9 | 4.8 | (4.2–5.4) | 3.5 | (3–4.2) | <0.001 | 0.4 | 5.1 | (4.9–5.6) | 4.3 | (3.2–4.7) | 0.02 | 0.1 | 6.6 | (6–7.2) | 4 | (3.6–4.4) | 0.002 | 0.7 |
| Master clutch (times/min) | 0.4 | (0.3–0.5) | 0.1 | (0.1–0.2) | 0.003 | 0.4 | 0.2 | (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 | (0.1–0.2) | 0.45 | 1.9 | (1.3–2.5) | 1.2 | (0.1–2.4) | 0.1 | 0.2 | (0.2–0.3) | 0.1 | (0–0.2) | 0.4 | |||
| Third arm swap (times/min) | 2.4 | (2.4–3) | 1.8 | (1.2–1.8) | 0.03 | 0.5 | 6 | (6–6.9) | 5 | (4.9–5.2) | 0.001 | 0.2 | 1 | (0.5–1.6) | 0.2 | (0.1–0.4) | 0.03 | 0.6 | ||||||
| Energy activation (times/min) | 10.8 | (9.6–11.4) | 7.2 | (6.6–7.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 | 7.2 | (6–9) | 4.6 | (4.4–4.9) | <0.001 | 0.7 | 9 | (8.4–9.6) | 6 | (4.8–7.2) | <0.001 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Lymph node dissection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nodes yielded | 11 | (9–14) | 7 | (6–8) | 0.01 | 0.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Efficiency (min/node) | 2.5 | (1.9–3) | 4 | (3.4–4.6) | <0.001 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
BM results adjusted for body mass index, SVD results adjusted for prostate volume and prostate specific antigen, and AA results adjusted for prostate volume.