TABLE 1.
RNA virus-encoded miRNAs.
| Virus family | Species | miRNAs | Identification | Proposed Targets | Proposed functions | References |
| Retroviridae | HIV-1 | miR-N367 | NRE in 5’ LTR | Downregulation of Nef | Omoto et al., 2004; Omoto and Fujii, 2005 | |
| miR-H3-3p | TATA box in 5’ LTR | Virus replication | Zhang et al., 2014 | |||
| miR-H1 | AATF, host miR-140 | Apoptosis inhibition, Vpr expression | Kaul et al., 2009 | |||
| miR-TAR-5p/3p | Apoptosis-related genes | Apoptosis inhibition | Ouellet et al., 2008; Klase et al., 2009 | |||
| microRNA-like sequences | Mimic of host OncomiRs | Immunoevasion | Holland et al., 2013 | |||
| SFV | miR-S4-3p | Mimic of host miR-155 | Cell proliferation | Kincaid et al., 2014 | ||
| miR-S6-3p | Mimic of host miR-132 | Immunoevasion | Kincaid et al., 2014 | |||
| BLV | miR-B4-3p | Mimic of host miR-29 | Cell proliferation | Gillet et al., 2007 | ||
| BFV | miR-BF1-5p/3p, BF2-5p | Unknown | Unknown | Whisnant et al., 2014 | ||
| ALV-J | E (XSR) miRNA | Unknown | Unknown | Yao et al., 2014 | ||
| Orthomuxoviridae | H5N1 IAV | miR-HA-3p | PCBP2 | Cytokine storm, lung injury | Li et al., 2018 | |
| Flaviviridae | WNV | KUN-miR-1 | GATA4 | Virus replication | Davis et al., 2007; Hussain et al., 2012 | |
| DENV-2 | DENV-vsRNA-5 | NS1 | Virus replication | Hussain and Asgari, 2014 | ||
| Filoviridae | EBOV | miR-VP-3p | Unknown | Unknown | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| miR-1-5p | Importin-α5 | Immunoevasion | Liu et al., 2016 | |||
| miR T1-5p, T2-3p | NF-kB, TNF | Virus replication, cell survival, Immunoevasion | Teng et al., 2015 | |||
| EBOV miRs | Unknown | Unknown | Liang et al., 2014 | |||
| EBOV vncRNAs | Mimic of host miRs | non-functional | Prasad et al., 2020 | |||
| Coronaviridae | SARS-CoV-1 | svRNAs | Unknown | Virus replication, lung injury | Morales et al., 2017 | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-mirs | NF-kB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β | Virus replication, anti-apoptosis, Immunoevasion | Aydemir et al., 2021 |
HIV-1: human immunodeficiency virus-1; SFV: simian foamy virus; BLV: bovine leukemia virus; BFV: bovine foamy virus; ALV-J: avian leukosis virus J strain; IAV: Influenza A virus; WNV: west Nile virus; DENV-2: dengue virus 2; EBOV: Ebola virus; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; TAR: the trans-activation responsive; NRE: the negative-response element; LTR: the long terminal repeat; AATF: apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor; PCBP2: Poly(rC)-binding protein 2; GATA4: GATA Binding Protein 4; NS1: the non-structural protein 1; NF-kB: the nuclear factor-kB; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β.