Figure 3.

Molecular pathway of estrogen receptor (ER) action. Typically, estrogen binds to the ligand-binding domain of receptors in the nucleus, which causes a conformational change. Estrogen-responsive elements (ERE) mediate genomic effects. RE, response element; TF, transcription factor; GF, growth factor; GF-R, growth factor receptor; CoA, co-activator; CoR, co-repressor; MAPK, mictogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phophoinositide 3-kinase; Src, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase; AP-1, activating protein-1; Sp-1, stimulating protein-1. Adapted from Nie et al.¹⁶