Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Healthy Controls Included in the Study
| Demographics | Patients with DM type 1 | Healthy controls | P-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (M/F) | 11/9 | 11/9 | 1.000 |
| Age (yr) | 46.5 (12.2) | 45.0 (10.6) | 0.675 |
| Duration of GI symptoms (mo) | 42.0 (30.7) | ||
| Duration of diabetes (yr) | 27.3 (12.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (22.1-26.9) | 26.3 (24.2-27.1) | 0.083 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 89.4 (25.6) | 97.3 (18.8) | 0.304 |
| Urine albumine-creatinine ratio | 10.5 (5.0-33.0) | ||
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 8.4 (1.8) | ||
| Fast acting insulin (IU/kg per day) | 24.3 (8.9) | ||
| Slow-acting insulin (IU/kg per day) | 25.2 (14.9) | ||
| Insulin pump | 5 (25%) | ||
| Insulin sensor | 6 (30%) | ||
| Diabetic eye disease | 12 (60%) | ||
| Heart disease | 2 (11%) | ||
| Lack of noctunal blood pressure dip | 4 (20%) |
DM, diabetes mellitus; M, male; F, female; GI, gastrointestinal; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range.
Data are presented as mean (SD), medians (interquartile range [IQR]), or n (%).