Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies (in Chronological Order)
| Groups Matched For: | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, y | Total n | Group | n | Age (SD), y | %♀ | Age | Sex | Smoking | Duration of Illness (SD), y | CPZE Dosage (SD) | PANSS Total (SD) | PANSS Positive (SD) | PANSS Negative (SD) | PANSS General (SD) | MMP-9 Levels (SD), ng/ml | Quality |
| Schennach- Wolff, 2012 | 153 | SSD | 37 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 143.0 (101.0) | Poor |
| Healthy controls | 38 | NP | NP | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 54.0 (48.0) | ||||||
| MDD | 78 | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 135.0 (141.0)a | ||||||
| Schwarz, 2012 | 130 | Paranoid SZ | 71 | 31.0 (10.0) | 40.8 | √ | √ | √ | NP | 0.0 (0.0) | NP | 23.0 (6.0) | 23.0 (8.0) | NP | 19.84 (15.64) | High |
| Healthy controls | 59 | 30.0 (8.0) | 47.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 14.0 (3.75) | ||||||
| Yamamori, 2013 | 44 | TRS | 22 | 38.1 (13.2) | 45.4 | √ | √ | √ | 17.2 (11.1) | 897.2 (260.0) | 101.4 (NP) | 23.0 (4.6) | 25.5 (5.5) | 52.9 (9.6) | 43.0 (22.4) | High |
| Healthy controls | 22 | 38.1 (12.9) | 45.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.8 (17.4) | ||||||
| Niitsu, 2014 | 115 | 44 residual SZ 19 paranoid SZ |
63 | 35.9 (8.2) | 58.7 | √ | √ | √ | 9.1 (7.3) | 323.9 (184.2) | 45.0b | NP | NP | NP | 700.9 (330.8) | High |
| Healthy controls | 52 | 34.9 (7.3) | 51.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 672.5 (378.4) | ||||||
| Devanarayanan, 2015 | 80 | Schizophrenia | 40 | 28.3 (6.7) | 0.0 | √ | √ | No | 3.6 (3.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 79.8 (12.9) | 23.0 (4.7) | 21.3 (6.5) | 35.5 (5.7) | 38.4 (10.3) | Fair |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 26.6 (4.5) | 0.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30.5 (8.7) | ||||||
| Shibasaki, 2016 | 74 | 3 SZ 5 Catatonic SZ 4 Paranoid 1Undifferentiated |
13 | 46.9 (15.1) | 53.8 | √ | √ | No | 15.5 (12.1) | 1325.2 (813.5)c | 96.0b,c | NP | NP | NP | 657.1 (272.9)c,d | Fair |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 54.2 (13.9) | 65.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 478.6 (217.1)c,d | ||||||
| Mood disorders | 21 | 58.5 (15.4) | 71.4 | 7.4 (8.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 578.9 (260.6)a,c,d | ||||||
| Ali, 2017 | 94 | Schizophrenia | 44 | 25.1 (4.0) | 22.7 | √ | √ | √ | 2.0 (1.0– 3.0)e | NP | 152.1 (20.6) | 33.0 (4.3) | 28.3 (5.9) | 90.9 (13.3) | 89.47 (62.2) | High |
| Healthy controls | 50 | 26.1 (3.9) | 36.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.5 (2.1) | ||||||
| Jeffries, 2018 | 107 | FEP | 32 | 19.2 (3.7) | 30.3 | √ | √ | No | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 179.0 (263.01) | Fair |
| Healthy controls | 35 | 20.0 (4.5) | 34.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 115.4 (69.03) | ||||||
| Clinical high-risk | 40 | 19.5 (4.6) | 37.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 107.56 (56.4) | ||||||
| Arabska, 2019 | 96 | Paranoid SZ | 64 | 49.0 (8.2) | 54.7 | √ | √ | No | NPf | 668.1 (315.8) | NP | NP | NP | NP | 456.8 (278.4) | Fair |
| Healthy controls | 32 | 51.0 (8.9) | 46.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 341.5 (162.4) | ||||||
| He, 2019 | 89 | FEP | 30 | 19.6 (3.7) | 30.0 | √ | √ | No | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 11.5 (1.0) | Poor |
| Healthy controls | 29 | 20.4 (1.1) | 41.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13.7 (1.3) | ||||||
| Clinical high-risk | 30 | 19.8 (4.2) | 30.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 15.5 (1.2) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Osaka-1) | 67 | SZ | 32 | 57.3 (11.9) | 65.6 | √ | √ | No | 20.5 (15.1) | 608.8 (505.4) | 72.7 (25.5) | 18.4 (7.3) | 17.5 (7.4) | 36.8 (12.7) | 38.4 (20.0) | Fair |
| Healthy controls | 35 | 54.5 (5.9) | 57.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 22.2 (10.1) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Osaka-2) | 79 | SZ | 39 | 38.0 (12.3) | 48.7 | √ | √ | No | 11.4 (9.9) | 562.6 (398.3) | 79.0 (23.1) | 17.1 (5.6) | 19.6 (5.6) | 42.2 (13.1) | 27.6 (18.8) | |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 37.8 (12.2) | 50.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 19.3 (7.7) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Osaka-3) | 80 | SZ | 40 | 41.4 (11.8) | 50.0 | √ | √ | No | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 50.9 (53.7) | |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 42.3 (12.2) | 50.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 19.1 (9.3) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Drug-free) | 77 | SZ | 37 | 35.5 (13.1) | 37.8 | √ | √ | √ | 9.5 (7.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 79.9 (25.8) | 20.1 (6.5) | 18.4 (6.8) | 41.4 (14.6) | 31.3 (15.8) | |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 35.5 (12.3) | 42.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 21.9 (10.5) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Tokushima) | 79 | SZ | 40 | 55.2 (7.2) | 50.0 | √ | √ | No | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 43.5 (29.6) | |
| Healthy controls | 39 | 52.2 (7.2) | 51.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 44.5 (23.2) | ||||||
| Kudo, 2020 (Chiba) | 79 | SZ | 39 | 31.8 (5.7) | 50.0 | √ | √ | No | 6.9 (4.2) | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | 37.7 (24.8) | |
| Healthy controls | 40 | 32.4 (6.2) | 50.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 29.7 (19.5) | ||||||
| Total | 1443 | SSD | 643 | 36.7 (14.1) | 42.9 | Yes (for all 3): 5 No/NP: 11 |
10.6 (10.2) | 209.5 (552.2) | 95.0 (38.1) | 22.8 (7.5) | 22.1 (7.6) | 51.1 (24.0) | 171.3 (277.6) | High:4 Fair: 5 Poor: 2 |
||
| Healthy controls | 631 | 36.7 (14.0) | 44.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 127.6 (243.6) | ||||||
| PC | 169 | 28.6 (18.4) | 42.8 | 7.4 (8.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 162.4 (211.7) | ||||||
Note: ♀, females; √, yes; CPZE, chlorpromazine equivalents; FEP, first-episode patients; MDD, major depressive disorder; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; NA, not applicable; NP, not provided; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PC, psychiatric controls; SSD, schizophrenia spectrum disorders; SZ, schizophrenia; TRS, treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Quality assessments were based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies.
aData were not included in the analysis as we focused on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but are provided here for reasons of completeness.
bAssessments included the Brief Psychiatric Reporting Scales (BPRS); BPRS values were converted to PANSS using equivalents published elsewhere.27
cAuthors provided data before and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Here we provide pre-ECT data.
dData extracted from figures using a WebPlotDigitlizer (version 4.2 for Windows).
eMedian values.
fAuthors provided treatment duration (15.2 ± 8.7 years) instead of illness duration.