Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies on non-radiologist US of the bladder

Author	Year	Country	Department	n	Age (years)	Design	Indication	Ultrasound performera
Massagli [8]	1990	USA	Paediatrics	20	0–16	Obs	Bladder volume	–
Chen [9]	2005	USA	Emergency	136	0–2	Obs	Bladder volume	Paediatric EDP
Witt [10]	2005	USA	Emergency	65	0–1	RCT	Bladder volume	–
Baumann [11]	2008	USA	Emergency	45	0–1	RCT	Bladder volume	Nurse
Dessie [12]	2018	USA	Emergency	120	14	RCT	Bladder volume	Paediatric EDP
Weill [13]	2019	Canada	Emergency	201	0	RCT	Bladder volume	Paediatric EDP
Enright [14]	2010	UK	Emergency	45	1–4	Obs	Dehydration	–
Buntsma [15]	2012	Australia	Emergency	60	0–1	Obs	Suprapubic aspiration	EDP
Gochman [16]	1991	USA	Emergency	66	0–1	RCT	Suprapubic aspiration	EDP

EDP emergency department physician, Obs observational, RCT randomised controlled trial

– indicates not reported, and no radiologist as co-author