Table 9.
Training strategies (n=14)
| Author | Year | Country | Department | Design | Training method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen [96] | 2012 | USA | Emergency | Survey | 76% received bedside/informal teaching, 23% received training by lectures and 16% by workshops or full-day course |
| Conlon [97] | 2015 | USA | PICU | Prospective training study (general training) |
- 2-day introductory course: didactic and hands-on training sessions with max 5 students per trainer; 4 consensus-derived training modules (procedural, hemodynamic, thoracic and abdominal) - Demonstration of skills after >25 acceptable studies per module - Reviewing of POCUS images twice a week by non-radiologist POCUS experts and once a month by radiology department |
| Corbett [38] | 2000 | USA | Emergency | Prospective training study (post trauma) | 1-day training course: didactic lectures, a videotaped session with instruction on trauma US, videotape with real-time images of pathology, hands-on workshop on healthy volunteers and finally a test using images |
| Gold [98] | 2017 | USA | Emergency | Survey | Didactics (70%), simulations in skills lab (52%), structured rotations by trained faculty (39%) or no US education (12%) |
| Guedj [31] | 2015 | France | Emergency | Prospective training study (single-organ POCUS) |
- 1–2-h didactic session (basics, physics, UTI sonography) - Hands-on training: 5 procedures |
| Hoeffe [99] | 2016 | Canada | Emergency | Survey | Radiology rotation (28%), official course (45%), no training (28%) |
| Kornblith [100] | 2015 | USA | Emergency | Survey | Not specified |
| Kwan [101] | 2019 | Canada | Emergency | Prospective training study (general training) | Via an online POCUS image interpretation learning and assessment system with 100 cases per application (e.g., FAST, lung, cardiac) with acceptable quality and showing a spectrum of pathology and normal anatomy. Included short clinical presentation, a video and image. Trainees could respond if case was normal/abnormal, and in case of abnormal the area of abnormality was to be selected, and they received feedback |
| Marin [6] | 2012 | USA | Emergency | Survey | Bedside (40%), general emergency management physician training (40%), formal course (25%), outside CME course (10%), radiology training (8%) |
| Nguyen [102] | 2016 | USA | NICU/PICU | Survey | Bedside (63%), lectures (54%), workshops (47/65%), self-study (47/43%), radiology rotation (26/5%) (NPM/PCCM, respectively) |
| Ramirez–Schremp [103] | 2008 | USA | Emergency | Survey | US rotation (33%), hands-on experience (33%), conferences (41%) |
| Reaume [7] | 2019 | USA | Emergency | Survey | Procedure-only training (34%), rotations in other departments (22%), no US training (12%) |
| Riera [23] | 2012 | USA | Emergency | Prospective training study (single-organ POCUS) |
- All trainees had >1 month of clinical instruction in performing a variety of POCUS procedures in emergency department (100–150 procedures on adults). No previous experience with bowel US - 1 h focused training session: didactic component and hands-on scanning with child as a model |
| Scaife [39] | 2013 | USA | Emergency | Prospective training study (FAST) |
- Technical instruction, viewing an instructional video, didactic session including hands-on training - At least 30 exams, of which 5 were proctored by certified paediatric sonographer or certified adult emergency medicine physician and of which at least 5 were positive for abdominal free fluid - Final competence exam (patients with ascites or ventriculoperitoneal shunt). Topics for exam: detection of intra-abdominal fluid, orientation and accuracy of probe placement, adequate scanning through fields, acceptable efficiency/time frame and ability to obtain key structures |
| Shefrin [104] | 2019 | USA | Emergency | Delphi procedure | Not applicable |
| Wyrick [30] | 2014 | USA | Surgery | Prospective training study (single-organ POCUS) | Five hands-on exams |
CME continuing medical education, FAST focused abdominal sonography for trauma, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, NPM neonatal perinatal medicine, PCCM pediatric critical care medicine, PICU paediatric intensive care unit, POCUS point-of-care ultrasound, UTI urinary tract infection