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. 2020 Dec 11;51(8):1503–1517. doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04885-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

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Fig. 2 — Pulmonary valve disease in a 3-year-old girl. a–c Sagittal 4-D flow-based dynamic vector visualisation at three different points in time during the cardiac cycle reveals antegrade systolic flow acceleration (arrow) caused by valve stenosis (a), followed by a large vortex formation (arrow) in the main pulmonary artery during early diastole (b) and retrograde flow (arrow) during late diastole (c) as a result of valve insufficiency