Table 1.
Advantages and disadvantages of EVs over MSCs for CKD.
| Therapy | MSCs | EVs |
|---|---|---|
| In-vitro: | ||
| Half-life (following freezing and thawing) | + | ++ |
| Stability (in inflammatory microenvironment) | − | + |
| Utility (use as “off-the-shelf” products or delivery carriers) | +/− | + |
| In-vivo: | ||
| Tumorigenicity (ability to give rise to benign or malignant tumors) | +/− | − |
| Immunogenicity (ability to induce humoral or cell immune responses) | + | − |
| Efficacy (preservation of renal structure and function in CKD) | ++ | ++ |
| Efficiency (reaching damaged sites within the neprhon) | + | ++ |
| Targeting (ability to ensure renal homing) | + | + |