. 2020 Sep 22;278(8):2795–2806. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06360-6

Table 2.

Statistics in screw fiducial distance measurements obtained in conventional cross-sectional view (PACS) and in the VR environment

Subject	Method	Mean difference to DPM [mm]	SD [mm]	95% CI for mean difference [mm]	Mean difference between PACS and VR [mm]^a	ICC PACS vs. VR	ICC PACS vs. DPM	ICC VR vs. DPM
1	PACS	− 0.291	1.344	− 0,673; 0.091	− 0.076 (p = 0.688)	0.995	0.995	0.998
1	VR	− 0.215	0.986	− 0.495; 0.065	− 0.076 (p = 0.688)	0.995	0.995	0.998
2	PACS	− 0.181	3.187	− 1.087; 0.724	− 0.010 (p = 0.982)	0.973	0.974	0.998
2	VR	− 0.171	0.895	− 0.425; 0.083	− 0.010 (p = 0.982)	0.973	0.974	0.998
3	PACS	− 1.129	5.295	− 2.634; 0.375	− 0.565 (p = 0.442)	0.933	0.929	0.998
3	VR	− 0.565	0.852	− 0.807; − 0.323	− 0.565 (p = 0.442)	0.933	0.929	0.998
4	PACS	2.563	5.524	0.993; 4.133	3.371 (p < 0.001*)	0.927	0.916	0.997
4	VR	− 0.808	1.066	− 1.111; − 0.505	3.371 (p < 0.001*)	0.927	0.916	0.997
5	PACS	− 0.591	1.198	− 0.932; − 0.251	− 0.361 (p = 0.005*)	0.998	0.996	0.998
5	VR	− 0.230	0.938	− 0.497; 0.036	− 0.361 (p = 0.005*)	0.998	0.996	0.998
Total^b	PACS	1.753	3.563	1.178; 2.327	0.472 (p = 0.065)	0.965 (mean)	0.962 (mean)	0.998 (mean)
Total^b	VR	0.815	0.665	0.707; 0.922	0.472 (p = 0.065)	0.965 (mean)	0.962 (mean)	0.998 (mean)

SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient (p < 0.001), PACS conventional cross-sectional (2D) method, VR virtual reality environment, DPM direct physical measurements by Vernier caliper

^aPaired sample t-test

^bAbsolute measurement values used

^*Statistically significant difference between the methods