. 2020 Sep 22;278(8):2795–2806. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06360-6

Table 4.

Wilcoxon signed rank test for the 5-point Likert questionnaire

Questionnaire subgroup	Method	Mean score	SD	Diff. (95% CI)	p value
FV	PACS	3.20	0.99	0.58 (− 1.00; 0.00)	0.002*
FV	VR	3.78	0.83	0.58 (− 1.00; 0.00)	0.002*
CV	PACS	3.23	0.62	0.9 (− 1.50; 1.00)	< 0.001*
CV	VR	4.33	0.62	0.9 (− 1.50; 1.00)	< 0.001*
GR	PACS	4.10	0.85	0.25 (− 0.50 ;0.00)	0.132
GR	VR	4.35	0.75	0.25 (− 0.50 ;0.00)	0.132
Total	PACS	3.39	0.90	0.72 (0.50; 1.00)	< 0.001*
Total	VR	4.11	0.78	0.72 (0.50; 1.00)	< 0.001*

FV Face validation, CV Content validation, GR Global rating, SD standard deviation, VR virtual reality environment, PACS conventional cross-sectional (2D) method

^*Statistically significant difference between the methods