Table 5.

Wilcoxon signed rank test for individual questions of the 5-point Likert questionnaire

	VR (SD)	PACS (SD)	p value
FV subgroup
Appearance of anatomical structures	4.6 (0.5)	3.4 (0.5)	0.034*
Appearance of tools	3.2 (0.4)	3.2 (0.7)	1.000
Usability of tools	3.0 (0.6)	3.0 (1.1)	1.000
Performance of tools	3.8 (0.4)	3.4 (0.5)	0.157
Haptic feedback	3.6 (0.5)	3.0 (0.6)	0.830
Ergonomics	3.2 (0.4)	3.6 (1.0)	0.317
Depth perception	4.4 (0.8)	2.0 (0.9)	0.034*
Quality of graphics	4.4 (0.8)	4.0 (0.9)	0.317
CV subgroup
Learning of anatomy	4.6 (0.5)	3.2 (0.4)	0.059
Learning of surgical planning	4.6 (0.5)	3.4 (0.5)	0.063
Understanding of anatomical structures	4.4 (0.5)	3.4 (0.5)	0.034*
Quality of measuring anatomical structures	4.4 (0.5)	2.8 (0.7)	0.059
Understanding the relationships of anatomical structures	4.6 (0.5)	3.0 (0.6)	0.180
Accuracy of measurement tool	4.0 (0.9)	3.6 (0.8)	0.577
Hand-eye-coordination	3.8 (0.4)	3.0 (0.0)	0.046*
Overall score for surgical planning	4.2 (0.4)	3.4 (0.5)	0.102
GR subgroup
Recommend to colleague	4.6 (0.5)	4.2 (0.7)	0.157
User-friendly	3.6 (0.8)	3.6 (1.0)	1.000
Inclusion to surgical planning	4.6 (0.5)	4.8 (0.4)	0.317
Understanding of the surgical site	4.6 (0.5)	3.8 (0.4)	0.046*

Subjects (n = 5)

VR virtual reality environment, PACS conventional cross-sectional (2D) method. FV Face validation, CV Content validation, GR Global rating, SD standard deviation

^*Statistically significant difference between the methods