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. 2021 Jul 8;11:14163. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93652-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Predicted number of hours spent helping parents and caring for grandchildren relative to fecundity status, based on the results from negative binomial parts of the best fitting models. Error bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Models adjust for number of grandchildren, the age the woman left education, employment status, marital status, and health. Where hours spent helping parents is the outcome, time spent caring for grandchildren is also controlled for, and vice versa where hours spent caring for grandchildren is the outcome.