Table 1.
Mean isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations for sampled Apennine bear key foods in the National Park of Abruzzo Lazio and Molise, central Italy.
| δ13C (‰) | δ15N (‰) | [C] | [N] | Sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | size | |
| Herbs | − 30.1 | 1.6 | − 2.2 | 1.8 | 45.9 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 63 |
| Chenopodium bonus-henricus | − 28.8 | 0.8 | − 2.3 | 1.4 | 46.2 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 3 |
| Compositae | − 31.0 | 1.9 | − 2.2 | 1.8 | 45.2 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 13 |
| Graminacea | − 29.7 | 1.4 | − 2.7 | 1.8 | 46.2 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 28 |
| Trifolium thalii | − 30.3 | 1.1 | − 1.0 | 0.6 | 45.7 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 9 |
| Umbrelliferae | − 30.2 | 1.9 | − 1.9 | 2.4 | 45.5 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 10 |
| Hard masts | − 27.6 | 1.5 | − 0.7 | 2.1 | 50.4 | 7.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 18 |
| Fagus sylvatica | − 28.1 | 1.9 | − 0.8 | 2.0 | 54.6 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 6 |
| Quercus cerris | − 27.2 | 2.0 | − 3.2 | 0.9 | 45.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Quercus pubescens | − 27.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 44.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 6 |
| Wild fleshy fruits | − 27.8 | 1.5 | − 2.6 | 2.1 | 46.8 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 46 |
| Cornus mas | − 28.2 | 2.1 | − 5.6 | 0.6 | 42.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3 |
| Crataegus monogyna | − 26.7 | 0.8 | − 3.0 | 1.0 | 44.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 4 |
| Fragaria vesca | − 29.1 | 2.4 | − 3.0 | 2.7 | 48.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 5 |
| Malus sylvestris | − 26.9 | 0.9 | − 3.2 | 1.3 | 44.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5 |
| Prunus spinosa | − 28.2 | 1.0 | − 1.9 | 2.5 | 48.9 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 4 |
| Pyrus pyraster | − 27.3 | 0.1 | − 1.9 | 1.3 | 46.7 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 3 |
| Rhamnus alpina | − 27.4 | 1.0 | − 2.4 | 2.0 | 45.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 7 |
| Rosa canina | − 26.2 | 0.8 | − 2.3 | 3.5 | 45.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 5 |
| Rubus idaeus | − 29.9 | 1.2 | − 3.6 | 1.6 | 51.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 4 |
| Rubus ulmifolius | − 28.6 | 0.9 | − 0.9 | 1.7 | 49.4 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 6 |
| Cultivated fleshy fruits | − 27.2 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 43.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 16 |
| Ficus carica | − 28.5 | 0.3 | − 1.5 | 0.2 | 45.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Malus domestica | − 25.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 43.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 4 |
| Prunus domestica | − 28.3 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 43.0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 3 |
| Pyrus communis | − 26.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 42.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 6 |
| Cultivated vegetables | − 28.5 | 1.5 | 9.0 | 3.3 | 38.0 | 3.7 | 294 | 1.3 | 12 |
| Cichorium intybus | − 28.5 | 0.3 | 10.6 | 3.2 | 37.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 3 |
| Daucus carota | − 26.4 | 1.0 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 40.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 3 |
| Eruca vesicaria | − 29.0 | 0.3 | 10.5 | 0.7 | 34.7 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 3 |
| Lactuga sativa | − 30.0 | 0.1 | 10.5 | 2.7 | 39.3 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3 |
| Ungulates | − 25.1 | 1.3 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 49.9 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 7 |
| Bos taurus | − 25.5 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 49.3 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 1 |
| Capra hircus | − 24.1 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 48.1 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 1 |
| Cervus elaphus | − 26.3 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 53.2 | 6.6 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 3 |
| Ovis aries | − 23.1 | 0.0 | 7.8 | 0.9 | 46.2 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Sus scrofa | − 25.3 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 49.1 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 1 |
| Formicidae | − 26.6 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 52.0 | 5.5 | 9.4 | 1.7 | 26 |
| C4—Zea mays | − 11.9 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 45.6 | 0.5 | 17.4 | 2.3 | 3 |