Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| 20–82 years n = 277 Mean ± SD |
20–29 years n = 39 Mean ± SD |
30–39 years n = 51 Mean ± SD |
40–49 years n = 48 Mean ± SD |
50–59 years n = 56 Mean ± SD |
60–69 years n = 50 Mean ± SD |
70 + years n = 33 Mean ± SD |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (f/m) | 129/148 | 18/21 | 25/26 | 23/25 | 28/28 | 22/28 | 13/20 |
| Age (years) | 49 ± 16 | 25 ± 3 | 34 ± 3 | 45 ± 3 | 55 ± 3 | 64 ± 3 | 75 ± 4 |
| Height (cm) | 173 ± 9 | 174 ± 10 | 174 ± 8 | 174 ± 8 | 173 ± 9 | 172 ± 10 | 170 ± 9 |
| Body mass (kg) | 70 ± 11 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 11 | 71 ± 10 | 71 ± 11 | 71 ± 11 | 69 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 2 | 24 ± 2 | 24 ± 2 | 24 ± 3 |
| WC (cm) | 84 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 | 82 ± 9 | 86 ± 8 | 88 ± 8 | 89 ± 10 |
| HC (cm) | 98 ± 6 | 98 ± 7 | 98 ± 7 | 98 ± 6 | 98 ± 5 | 97 ± 6 | 98 ± 6 |
| Body fat (%) | 22 ± 7 | 21 ± 8 | 20 ± 7 | 20 ± 7 | 24 ± 6 | 25 ± 8 | 26 ± 7 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 31 ± 6 | 31 ± 7 | 31 ± 6 | 32 ± 6 | 30 ± 6 | 30 ± 6 | 28 ± 5 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 15 | 120 ± 16 | 121 ± 12 | 118 ± 14 | 123 ± 15 | 130 ± 15 | 133 ± 14 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81 ± 8 | 78 ± 8 | 79 ± 7 | 80 ± 8 | 81 ± 9 | 83 ± 7 | 82 ± 10 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 220 ± 42 | 186 ± 41 | 201 ± 33 | 218 ± 45 | 238 ± 34 | 236 ± 38 | 237 ± 37 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 120 ± 69 | 123 ± 69 | 114 ± 73 | 112 ± 73 | 119 ± 55 | 134 ± 58 | 122 ± 92 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 65 ± 16 | 61 ± 14 | 64 ± 16 | 68 ± 18 | 67 ± 16 | 64 ± 17 | 66 ± 15 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 125 ± 29 | 101 ± 27 | 111 ± 22 | 123 ± 31 | 140 ± 24 | 138 ± 27 | 135 ± 24 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.83 ± 0.14 | 0.81 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.14 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.81 ± 0.13 | 0.83 ± 0.17 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 1.7 ± 3.7 | 1.1 ± 3.1 | 0.9 ± 1.5 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 2.7 | 2.1 ± 2.4 |
| VO2peak (ml/min/kg) | 38 ± 9 | 42 ± 9 | 42 ± 7 | 42 ± 9 | 36 ± 8 | 33 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 |
| IOP (mmHg) | 15 ± 3 | 15 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 16 ± 4 | 16 ± 4 | 16 ± 4 |
| CRAE (µm) | 181 ± 16 | 196 ± 13 | 186 ± 15 | 181 ± 13 | 181 ± 13 | 174 ± 14 | 166 ± 17 |
| CRVE (µm) | 211 ± 16 | 220 ± 15 | 214 ± 13 | 211 ± 16 | 211 ± 14 | 207 ± 16 | 199 ± 16 |
| AVR | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.07 |
| aFID (%) | 3.65 ± 1.96 | 3.74 ± 2.17 | 3.66 ± 1.81 | 3.76 ± 2.10 | 3.04 ± 1.58 | 4.08 ± 1.77 | 3.79 ± 2.43 |
| vFID (%) | 4.23 ± 1.84 | 4.64 ± 1.85 | 4.49 ± 1.88 | 4.03 ± 2.06 | 4.19 ± 1.85 | 4.15 ± 1.75 | 3.86 ± 1.56 |
| aCON (%) | − 1.65 ± 1.50 | − 2.72 ± 1.97 | − 1.99 ± 1.54 | − 1.64 ± 1.27 | − 1.29 ± 1.19 | − 1.24 ± 1.27 | − 1.11 ± 1.20 |
SD standard deviation; BMI body mass index; WC waist circumference; HC hip circumference; BP blood pressure; HbA1c hemoglobin A1c; HDL high-density lipoprotein; LDL low-density lipoprotein; Hs-CRP high-density C-reactive protein; VO2peak peak oxygen consumption; IOP intraocular pressure; CRAE central retinal arteriolar diameter equivalents; CRVE central retinal venular diameter equivalents; AVR arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio; aFID arteriolar flicker light induced dilatation; vFID venular flicker light induced dilatation; aCON maximal arteriolar constriction.