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. 2021 Jul 8;11:14092. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93609-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hypothetical model. Natural shade in pasture areas improves the thermal comfort of beef heifers and beef cows due to both reduced black globe humidity index (BGHI) and heat load index (HLI). It consequently determines reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal and body surface temperatures, cortisol, heat shock proteins expression (HSP90AA) and increases dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, and in vitro embryo recovery. BHBA β-hydroxybutyrate, NEFAs non-esterified fatty acids.