Table 1.
Weighted baseline characteristics of the participants according to different dietary inflammatory indexes (DIIs).
| DII | Overall | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −0.24 (-2.20~1.80) | (−6.60~-1.50) | (−1.50~1.08) | (1.08~6.50) | ||
| Age (years) | 46.73 ± 18.80 | 45.59 ± 17.88 | 47.51 ± 19.13 | 47.26 ± 19.46 | 0.0003 |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 48.34 | 60.84 | 46.40 | 35.06 | <0.0001 |
| Female | 51.66 | 39.16 | 53.60 | 64.94 | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| Mexican American | 12.36 | 12.42 | 13.10 | 11.45 | 0.0003 |
| Other hispanic | 3.18 | 2.92 | 3.18 | 3.50 | |
| Non-hispanic white | 64.84 | 66.83 | 65.22 | 61.95 | |
| Non-hispanic black | 14.77 | 13.25 | 13.98 | 17.53 | |
| Others | 4.86 | 4.58 | 4.52 | 5.58 | |
| Education level (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 22.34 | 19.88 | 22.40 | 25.31 | <0.0001 |
| High school or general educational development | 25.39 | 23.98 | 25.02 | 27.56 | |
| Above high school | 52.08 | 55.97 | 52.43 | 46.90 | |
| Others | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.23 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.59 ± 18.55 | 121.71 ± 16.48 | 123.43 ± 19.30 | 122.76 ± 20.03 | 0.0043 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.18 ± 13.32 | 71.02 ± 12.86 | 69.60 ± 13.72 | 69.78 ± 13.39 | 0.0002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.20 ± 6.64 | 28.13 ± 6.47 | 28.35 ± 6.70 | 28.11 ± 6.77 | 0.3685 |
| Glucose, serum (mg/dl) | 96.83 ± 30.23 | 96.63 ± 28.77 | 96.91 ± 30.54 | 96.98 ± 31.61 | 0.9074 |
| Phosphorus, serum (mg/dl) | 3.84 ± 0.57 | 3.85 ± 0.57 | 3.84 ± 0.57 | 3.85 ± 0.58 | 0.7647 |
| Iron, serum (μg/dl) | 87.38 ± 36.47 | 91.77 ± 36.78 | 85.76 ± 35.00 | 83.77 ± 37.13 | <0.0001 |
| C-reactive protein, serum (mg/dl) | 0.41 ± 0.83 | 0.33 ± 0.63 | 0.42 ± 0.80 | 0.48 ± 1.04 | <0.0001 |
| 25(OH)D, serum (nmol/L) | 59.96 ± 22.12 | 61.73 ± 21.49 | 60.02 ± 22.31 | 57.68 ± 22.46 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium, serum (mg/dl) | 9.52 ± 0.35 | 9.53 ± 0.35 | 9.52 ± 0.35 | 9.51 ± 0.35 | 0.2978 |
| Hypertension (%) | |||||
| Yes | 29.58 | 25.26 | 32.51 | 31.71 | <0.0001 |
| No | 70.42 | 74.74 | 67.49 | 68.29 | |
| Diabetes (%) | |||||
| Yes | 7.43 | 5.97 | 8.69 | 7.82 | <0.0001 |
| No | 92.57 | 94.03 | 91.31 | 92.16 | |
| Creatinine, urine (mg/dl) | 127.53 ± 79.52 | 127.38 ± 75.49 | 123.34 ± 77.40 | 132.39 ± 86.15 | 0.0004 |
| Albumin, urine (mg/L) | 32.22 ± 225.38 | 28.30 ± 214.83 | 33.67 ± 230.78 | 35.44 ± 231.85 | 0.4891 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.91 ± 0.29 | 0.94 ± 0.20 | 0.91 ± 0.36 | 0.89 ± 0.30 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 91.94 ± 23.47 | 91.93 ± 21.63 | 91.79 ± 23.75 | 92.14 ± 25.27 | 0.8722 |
| Albuminuria (%) | |||||
| Yes | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.6457 |
| No | 99.84 | 99.87 | 99.87 | 99.78 | |
| Low eGFR (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, %) | |||||
| Yes | 8.28 | 6.34 | 8.64 | 10.27 | <0.0001 |
| No | 91.72 | 93.66 | 91.36 | 89.73 | |
| CKD (%) | |||||
| Yes | 8.33 | 6.42 | 8.66 | 10.30 | <0.0001 |
| No | 91.67 | 93.58 | 91.34 | 89.70 | |
| Hyperparathyroidism (%) | |||||
| Yes | 11.15 | 8.60 | 12.07 | 13.28 | <0.0001 |
| No | 88.85 | 91.40 | 87.93 | 86.72 | |
| Parathyroid hormone (pg/ml) | 43.42 ± 23.21 | 41.42 ± 19.74 | 43.75 ± 23.29 | 45.53 ± 26.63 | <0.0001 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease.