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. 2021 Jun 25;8:700058. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.700058

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Copyright © 2021 Tokuhara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of probiotics against NAFLD. Probiotics enhance the barrier function of the gut [e.g., mucus layer, secretory IgA (SIgA) levels and tight junction tension], and improve the gut microbiota composition, bile acid (BA) homeostasis, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Restored gut barrier function and gut microbiota reduce portal transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and therefore decrease LPS–toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) signaling-mediated inflammatory cytokine [e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] production in the liver. Probiotics also reduce intestinal absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPFA) by consuming intestinal LCPFA. These beneficial roles of probiotics are involved in the underlying mechanisms of protection against NAFLD. PIgR, polymeric Ig recetor.