Table 4:

The pandemic impact on tinnitus severity and distress in individuals without COVID-19

Study	Country	Sample size	Age (years)	Study design	Findings
Beukes et al. (2020)74	48 countries	3103	58 (18–100)	Cross-sectional using questionnaires	Seven new cases with tinnitus, 42% tinnitus exacerbation, and 32% more bothersome tinnitus, especially in self-isolated, alone individuals with poor sleep.
Schlee et al. (2020)75	Germany	122	54	Pre/post-study using questionnaires (THI, TQ, MDI, BFI2, and SOISES)	Increased tinnitus distress in people who perceived the situation stressful with increased grief, frustration, stress, and nervousness.
Anzivino et al. (2021)76	Italy	16	Adults	Pr/post-study using a questionnaire (THI)	One level increase in the grade of tinnitus-related handicap in 12 out of 16 cases.

BFI2, big five index-2; MDI, major depression inventory; SOISES, social isolation electronic survey; THI, tinnitus handicap inventory; TQ, tinnitus questionnaire.