Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients According to Night Time Sleep Status.
| Parameters | Total (n = 1098) | Poor Sleepers (PSQI score >5) (n = 569) | Good Sleepers (PSQI score ≤5) (n = 529) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | ||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.3 ± 10.5 | 48.4 ± 10.1 | 48.2 ± 10.9 | 0.820 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 1010 (92%) | 517 (90.9%) | 493 (93.2%) | 0.182 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%) | ||||
| NASH | 530 (48.3%) | 274 (48.2%) | 256 (48.4%) | 0.440 |
| Alcohol | 457 (41.6%) | 233 (40.9%) | 224 (42.3%) | |
| HBV | 50 (4.5%) | 29 (5.1%) | 21 (4.0%) | |
| HCV | 39 (3.6%) | 18 (3.2%) | 21 (4.0%) | |
| Others | 22 (2%) | 15 (2.6%) | 7 (1.3%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 26.4 ± 3.8 | 25.4 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin (g/L), mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| INR, mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| CTP class A/B/C, n (%) | 243 (22.2%)/321 (29.2%)/534 (48.6%) | 96 (16.9%)/151 (26.5%)/322 (56.6%) | 147 (27.8%)/170 (32.1%)/212 (40.1%) | <0.001 |
| CTP score, mean ± SD | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Sleep parameters | ||||
| PSQI variables, mean ±SD | ||||
| Subjective sleep quality | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Sleep latency | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Sleep disturbances | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Sleeping medication | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Total PSQI score [0–21] | 8.3 ± 5.4 | 13.1 ± 2.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Day-time sleepiness score | ||||
| ESS score (0–24), mean ± SD | 9.8 ± 4.7 | 11.9 ± 5.1 | 7.7 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| ESS >10, n (%) | 489 (44.5%) | 334 (58.7%) | 155 (29.3%) | <0.001 |
| MHE and ammonia levels | ||||
| CFF (Hz), mean ± SD | 36.3 ± 5.0 | 33.8 ± 5.5 | 38.9 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| CFF < 39 Hz, n (%) | 626 (57%) | 371 (65.2%) | 255 (48.2%) | <0.001 |
| Ammonia (μmol/L), mean ± SD | 94.7 ± 26.8 | 101.5 ± 27.3 | 87.5 ± 24.4 | <0.001 |
| Diurnal preference category, n(%) | ||||
| Morning type | 307 (28.0%) | 94 (16.5%) | 213 (40.3%) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate type | 427 (38.9%) | 216 (38.0%) | 211 (39.9%) | |
| Evening type | 364 (33.2%) | 259 (45.5%) | 105 (19.8%) | |
| Risk for OSA, n(%) | ||||
| Low risk | 826 (75.2%) | 399 (70.1%) | 468 (88.5%) | <0.001 |
| High risk | 272 (24.8%) | 170 (29.9%) | 102 (19.3%) | |
| Concomitant medications, n(%) | ||||
| Diuretics | 135 (12.3%) | 83 (14.6%) | 52 (9.8%) | 0.017 |
| Beta-blockers | 587 (53.5%) | 336 (59.1%) | 251 (47.4%) | <0.001 |
| Depression and anxiety scores | ||||
| PHQ 9 score, mean ± SD | 11.3 ± 6.5 | 14.3 ± 6.9 | 8.0 ± 4.0 | <0.001 |
| PHQ 9 score ≥10, n (%) | 420 (38.3%) | 358 (62.9%) | 62 (11.7%) | <0.001 |
| GAD 7 score, mean ± SD | 9.1 ± 5.4 | 11.2 ± 5.9 | 6.8 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| GAD 7 score ≥10, n (%) | 374 (34.1%) | 317 (55.7%) | 57 (10.8%) | <0.001 |
| Quality of life score | ||||
| CLDQ variables, mean±SD | ||||
| Abdominal symptoms | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Activity | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Emotional function | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Systemic symptoms | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Worry | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Total CLDQ score | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: NASH-Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis;HBV-Hepatitis B virus; HCV-Hepatitis C virus; BMI-Body mass index;INR-International normalized ratio;CTP-Child turcotte pugh;PSQI-, Pittsburgh sleep quality index;ESS-Excessive day-time sleepiness;MHE-Minimal hepatic encephalopathy;CFF-Critical flicker frequency;OSA-Obstructive sleep apnea;PHQ-Patient health questionnaire;GAD-Generalized anxiety disorder;CLDQ-Chronic liver disease questionnaire.