Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients According to Daytime Sleepiness Status.
| Parameters | Excessive day time sleepiness present (ESS score >10) (n = 489) | Excessive day time sleepiness absent (ESS score ≤10) (n = 609) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.2 ± 10.8 | 48.3 ± 10.3 | 0.838 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 442 (90.4%) | 568 (93.3%) | 0.093 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%) | |||
| NASH | 244 (49.9%) | 286 (47.0%) | 0.470 |
| Alcohol | 195 (39.9%) | 262 (43.0%) | |
| HBV | 23 (4.7%) | 27 (4.4%) | |
| HCV | 20 (4.1%) | 19 (3.1%) | |
| Others | 7 (1.4%) | 15 (2.5%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Bilirubin (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 0.019 |
| Serum albumin (g/L), mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 0.024 |
| INR, mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 0.005 |
| CTP class A/B/C, n (%) | 86 (17.6%)/145 (29.7%)/258 (52.8%) | 157 (25.8%)/176 (28.9%)/276 (45.3%) | 0.003 |
| CTP score, mean ± SD | 8.6 ± 2.1 | 8.3 ± 2.3 | 0.008 |
| Sleep parameters | |||
| PSQI variables, mean ±SD | |||
| Subjective sleep quality | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Sleep latency | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Sleep disturbances | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Sleeping medication | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.02 ± 0.1 | 0.196 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Total PSQI score [0–21] | 10.0 ± 5.3 | 6.8 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
| PSQI score >5 | 334 (68.3%) | 235 (38.6%) | <0.001 |
| Day-time sleepiness score | |||
| ESS score (0–24), mean ± SD | 14.0 ± 3.8 | 6.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| MHE and ammonia levels | |||
| CFF (Hz), mean ± SD | 35.4 ± 5.4 | 37.0 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| CFF < 39 Hz, n (%) | 298 (60.9%) | 328 (53.9%) | 0.020 |
| Ammonia (μmol/L), mean ± SD | 99.7 ± 26.6 | 90.8 ± 26.4 | <0.001 |
| Diurnal preference category, n(%) | |||
| Morning type | 104 (21.3%) | 203 (33.3%) | 0 < 0.001 |
| Intermediate type | 192 (39.3%) | 235 (38.6%) | |
| Evening type | 193 (39.5%) | 171 (28.1%) | |
| Risk for OSA, n(%) | |||
| Low risk | 293 (59.9%) | 533 (87.5%) | <0.001 |
| High risk | 196 (40.1%) | 76 (12.5%) | |
| Concomitant medications, n(%) | |||
| Diuretics | 58 (11.9%) | 77 (12.6%) | 0.712 |
| Beta-blockers | 284 (58.1%) | 303 (49.8%) | 0.006 |
| Depression and anxiety scores | |||
| PHQ 9 score, mean ± SD | 14.2 ± 6.5 | 8.9 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| PHQ 9 score ≥10, n (%) | 324 (66.3%) | 96 (15.8%) | <0.001 |
| GAD 7 score, mean ± SD | 12.1 ± 5.6 | 6.5 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| GAD 7 score ≥10, n (%) | 311 (63.6%) | 63 (10.3%) | <0.001 |
| Quality of life score | |||
| CLDQ variables, mean±SD | |||
| Abdominal symptoms | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Activity | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Emotional function | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Systemic symptoms | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Worry | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 5.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Total CLDQ score | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: NASH-Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis;HBV-Hepatitis B virus; HCV-Hepatitis C virus; BMI-Body mass index;INR-International normalized ratio; CTP-Child turcotte pugh;PSQI-, Pittsburgh sleep quality index;ESS- Excessive day-time sleepiness; MHE- Minimal hepatic encephalopathy;CFF- Critical flicker frequency;OSA- Obstructive sleep apnea;PHQ- Patient health questionnaire;GAD- Generalized anxiety disorder;CLDQ- Chronic liver disease questionnaire.