Table 5.
Average (±standard deviation) of serum chemistry parameters of animals that consumed blank nanocomplexes (BNCs) daily and curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes (CNCs) at various doses daily for 6 months in the chronic toxicity study.
| Parameters | Sex | Normal range | Normal | BNCs | BNCs (recovery) | CNCs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Medium | High | High (recovery) | |||||||
| 0.58 g/kg bw | 0.58 g/kg bw | 0.09 g/kg bw | 0.27 g/kg bw | 0.8 g/kg bw | 0.8 g/kg bw | |||||
| n = 23 | n = 16 | n = 17 | n = 18 | n = 22 | n = 16 | n = 17 | ||||
| Mice | Blood glucoseU | M | 60−150 | 82.44 ± 14.59 | 93.44 ± 16.17 | 108.83 ± 16.83 | 101.00 ± 27.86 | 96.00 ± 28.30 | 120.38 ± 25.44* | 111.33 ± 27.73* |
| F | 60−150 | 75.50 ± 11.86 | 103.83 ± 15.04* | 98.00 ± 12.39 | 86.11 ± 15.42 | 92.91 ± 23.77 | 116.29 ± 29.80* | 97.88 ± 23.94 | ||
| Blood Urea NitrogenU | M | 15−28 | 27.03 ± 8.31 | 25.59 ± 5.96 | 24.40 ± 6.05 | 28.57 ± 10.47 | 26.60 ± 19.16 | 24.73 ± 3.39 | 22.51 ± 4.65 | |
| F | 15−33 | 17.43 ± 4.44 | 16.14 ± 2.36 | 16.63 ± 2.34 | 17.89 ± 2.67 | 22.38 ± 12.09 | 19.64 ± 2.61 | 15.53 ± 1.95 | ||
| CreatinineU | M | 0.2−1.0 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.03* | 0.10 ± 0.03* | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | |
| F | 0.2−1.0 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.04* | 0.11 ± 0.05* | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | ||
| CholesterolU | M | 55−181 | 95.60 ± 21.21 | 93.63 ± 17.69 | 78.11 ± 13.27 | 88.00 ± 16.56 | 83.73 ± 14.58 | 90.50 ± 15.76 | 90.25 ± 20.40 | |
| F | 55−181 | 71.00 ± 17.97 | 71.29 ± 18.09 | 77.25 ± 19.40 | 67.49 ± 10.94 | 65.14 ± 12.65 | 77.00 ± 12.18 | 68.13 ± 11.46 | ||
| TriglycerideU | M | 72−227 | 84.55 ± 28.85 | 65.44 ± 27.19 | 53.00 ± 17.69* | 59.00 ± 20.70 | 69.80 ± 19.99 | 97.50 ± 12.56 | 64.25 ± 19.07 | |
| F | 72−227 | 104.25 ± 31.82 | 70.86 ± 13.47* | 79.63 ± 13.79 | 79.44 ± 14.93 | 78.22 ± 28.49 | 104.86 ± 26.02 | 92.88 ± 20.52 | ||
| Total protein (g/dL) | M | 4.5−7.5 | 4.95 ± 0.23 | 5.06 ± 0.32 | 4.84 ± 0.61 | 5.04 ± 0.27 | 5.05 ± 0.29 | 5.26 ± 0.30* | 4.96 ± 0.16 | |
| F | 4.5−7.5 | 4.94 ± 0.37 | 5.31 ± 0.23 | 5.20 ± 0.41 | 5.12 ± 0.19 | 5.13 ± 0.72 | 5.27 ± 0.42 | 4.91 ± 0.39 | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | M | 2.3−4.3 | 3.43 ± 0.18 | 3.47 ± 0.24 | 3.26 ± 0.42 | 3.29 ± 0.33 | 3.30 ± 0.19 | 3.53 ± 0.21 | 3.30 ± 0.14 | |
| F | 2.3−4.3 | 3.56 ± 0.30 | 3.89 ± 0.16 | 3.63 ± 0.20 | 3.67 ± 0.28 | 3.52 ± 0.58 | 3.74 ± 0.19 | 3.46 ± 0.18 | ||
| Globulin (g/dL) | M | 2.4−4.2 | 1.52 ± 0.21 | 1.62 ± 0.18 | 1.60 ± 0.26 | 1.76 ± 0.35 | 1.75 ± 0.30 | 1.78 ± 0.17* | 1.68 ± 0.09 | |
| F | 2.4−4.2 | 1.39 ± 0.27 | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 1.58 ± 0.35 | 1.46 ± 0.19 | 1.71 ± 0.70 | 1.51 ± 0.40 | 1.44 ± 0.27 | ||
| Bilirubin TotalU | M | 0−1.0 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.09 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | |
| F | 0−1.0 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00* | 0.02 ± 0.04* | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | ||
| Bilirubin DirectU | M | NA | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | |
| F | NA | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | M | 22−128 | 33.08 ± 7.13 | 56.44 ± 18.84 | 54.00 ± 18.13 | 35.56 ± 10.93 | 36.36 ± 17.56 | 61.63 ± 51.57* | 29.88 ± 8.43 | |
| F | 22−128 | 33.79 ± 8.47 | 30.14 ± 4.18 | 43.29 ± 12.50 | 32.56 ± 7.58 | 31.25 ± 7.78 | 37.14 ± 13.51 | 29.63 ± 6.52 | ||
| AST (U/L) | M | 20−150 | 167.00 ± 26.58 | 214.17 ± 41.95 | 227.50 ± 43.90 | 221.38 ± 78.51 | 210.60 ± 57.17 | 245.50 ± 69.64* | 142.63 ± 38.49 | |
| F | 20−150 | 187.69 ± 51.43 | 174.14 ± 42.70 | 184.57 ± 43.60 | 188.00 ± 38.85 | 159.89 ± 79.79 | 243.43 ± 72.32 | 173.75 ± 69.39 | ||
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | M | 50−186 | 43.30 ± 10.70 | 45.43 ± 7.83 | 42.44 ± 15.61 | 36.38 ± 17.39 | 46.55 ± 15.76 | 40.50 ± 11.71 | 31.11 ± 11.69 | |
| F | 50−186 | 65.46 ± 21.47 | 62.43 ± 9.18 | 67.38 ± 17.71 | 49.71 ± 8.77 | 58.43 ± 27.60 | 62.00 ± 24.26 | 54.50 ± 17.63 | ||
| 1.16 g/kg bw | 1.16 g/kg bw | 0.18 g/kg bw | 0.54 g/kg bw | 1.61 g/kg bw | 1.61 g/kg bw | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 20 | n = 18 | n = 18 | n = 24 | n = 14 | n = 14 | n = 14 | ||||
| Hamsters | Blood glucoseU | M | 60−150 | 100.75 ± 25.46 | 82.40 ± 10.02 | 84.73 ± 10.29 | 85.42 ± 14.21 | 100.67 ± 18.03 | 74.40 ± 14.71* | 92.83 ± 13.00 |
| F | 60−150 | 105.00 ± 26.38 | 81.13 ± 19.75 | 83.71 ± 8.24 | 91.58 ± 15.71 | 98.00 ± 46.41 | 82.56 ± 13.94 | 92.88 ± 8.81 | ||
| Blood Urea NitrogenU | M | 15−28 | 20.00 ± 3.95 | 21.65 ± 3.75 | 24.99 ± 6.44 | 27.62 ± 6.54* | 23.57 ± 4.11 | 21.16 ± 3.59 | 23.13 ± 1.91 | |
| F | 15−33 | 28.23 ± 10.32 | 24.55 ± 7.02 | 27.84 ± 4.07 | 29.16 ± 5.20 | 28.64 ± 7.60 | 31.27 ± 8.92 | 28.21 ± 4.36 | ||
| CreatinineU | M | 0.2−1.0 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.04* | 0.22 ± 0.03* | 0.22 ± 0.02* | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.31 ± 0.04 | |
| F | 0.2−1.0 | 0.28 ± 0.11 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.02* | 0.20 ± 0.03* | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | ||
| CholesterolU | M | 55−181 | 92.33 ± 14.04 | 74.30 ± 15.27* | 77.73 ± 17.84 | 76.75 ± 17.98 | 101.50 ± 7.26 | 95.40 ± 16.73 | 60.00 ± 5.93* | |
| F | 55−181 | 143.00 ± 18.22 | 127.25 ± 29.30 | 106.29 ± 19.64 | 125.00 ± 15.47 | 140.88 ± 62.20 | 108.56 ± 10.16* | 84.88 ± 27.68* | ||
| TriglycerideU | M | 72−227 | 115.08 ± 28.82 | 138.20 ± 19.94 | 125.00 ± 36.11 | 78.78 ± 24.94* | 135.67 ± 65.33 | 103.60 ± 22.83 | 127.83 ± 8.42 | |
| F | 72−227 | 151.43 ± 51.01 | 156.00 ± 16.22 | 151.00 ± 44.31 | 102.42 ± 13.13 | 144.00 ± 57.50 | 123.56 ± 36.29 | 139.38 ± 49.59 | ||
| Total protein (g/dL) | M | 4.5−7.5 | 6.11 ± 0.49 | 6.13 ± 0.24 | 5.82 ± 0.36 | 6.10 ± 0.27 | 5.80 ± 0.68 | 6.10 ± 0.33 | 6.45 ± 0.21 | |
| F | 4.5−7.5 | 6.61 ± 0.85 | 6.40 ± 0.38 | 6.07 ± 0.59 | 6.21 ± 0.23 | 6.39 ± 0.70 | 6.21 ± 0.25 | 6.04 ± 0.37 | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | M | 2.3−4.3 | 3.59 ± 0.16 | 3.54 ± 0.16 | 3.37 ± 0.22 | 3.45 ± 0.13 | 3.47 ± 0.64 | 3.54 ± 0.11 | 3.62 ± 0.13 | |
| F | 2.3−4.3 | 3.31 ± 0.39 | 3.39 ± 0.36 | 3.29 ± 0.15 | 3.34 ± 0.14 | 3.20 ± 0.74 | 3.47 ± 0.14 | 3.33 ± 0.29 | ||
| Globulin (g/dL) | M | 2.4−4.2 | 2.50 ± 0.39 | 2.60 ± 0.13 | 2.44 ± 0.29 | 2.65 ± 0.17 | 2.35 ± 0.24 | 2.56 ± 0.24 | 2.82 ± 0.18 | |
| F | 2.4−4.2 | 3.09 ± 0.29 | 3.03 ± 0.14 | 2.79 ± 0.47 | 2.87 ± 0.13 | 2.83 ± 0.64 | 2.74 ± 0.18* | 2.76 ± 0.16* | ||
| Bilirubin TotalU | M | 0−1.0 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.03* | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.04* | |
| F | 0−1.0 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.33 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | ||
| Bilirubin DirectU | M | NA | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | |
| F | NA | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | M | 22−128 | 78.33 ± 17.42 | 71.30 ± 10.61 | 70.27 ± 11.65 | 68.42 ± 17.50 | 67.27 ± 29.27 | 93.20 ± 15.55 | 59.78 ± 25.35 | |
| F | 22−128 | 90.75 ± 41.51 | 88.13 ± 46.30 | 123.57 ± 56.30 | 87.83 ± 38.03 | 109.38 ± 43.74 | 128.33 ± 54.59 | 122.00 ± 60.33 | ||
| AST (U/L) | M | 20−150 | 111.33 ± 38.86 | 142.29 ± 18.93 | 100.27 ± 33.65 | 129.58 ± 21.59 | 134.80 ± 28.11 | 158.40 ± 38.26* | 146.20 ± 28.66 | |
| F | 20−150 | 116.88 ± 34.98 | 124.88 ± 51.18 | 126.57 ± 50.30 | 91.50 ± 46.52 | 117.20 ± 26.90 | 152.89 ± 49.04 | 164.29 ± 50.61 | ||
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | M | 50−186 | 77.75 ± 6.37 | 84.50 ± 19.90 | 90.06 ± 26.29 | 73.33 ± 8.33 | 71.00 ± 12.75 | 70.60 ± 10.71 | 89.50 ± 12.72 | |
| F | 50−186 | 96.80 ± 25.19 | 109.71 ± 20.91 | 92.86 ± 18.58 | 79.83 ± 17.72 | 111.23 ± 38.62 | 89.00 ± 15.05 | 117.50 ± 32.09 |
Note: BNCs - blank nanocomplexes (0.58 g/kg bw in mice or 1.16 g in hamsters), CNCs – Curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes at low doses (0.09 g/kg bw in mice or 0.18 g/kg bw in hamsters), medium doses (0.27 g/kg bw in mice or 0.54 g/kg bw in hamsters) or high doses (0.8 g/kg bw in mice or 1.61 g/kg bw in hamsters); superscripted U – units are mg/dL, Data are mean ±SD, NA = not available; *P value < 0.05 one-way ANOVA, n = number of animals.