Figure 1.

For the manufacturing of ACI with spheroids, autologous chondrocytes are culture expanded and subsequently cultured as spheroids using culture medium supplemented with only autologous serum and without other supplements such as growth factors, cytokines, and or antibiotics. The spheroids are self-adhering to subchondral bone, allowing for arthroscopic implantation and omitting the need for sutures, membranes, and glue. This figure was created with BioRender.com.