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Normal and abnormal hemodynamic responses during stress. Cardiac index reserve in normal response (white bar, n = 71): fully abnormal hearts (black bar, n = 157) with reduced chronotropic, preload and contractile reserve; partially abnormal responses with one (dotted bar: stiff, n = 322; weak, n = 170; slow, n = 66) or two abnormalities (dashed bar: weak + slow, n = 229; stiff + slow, n = 178; stiff + weak, n = 151). * = p < 0.001 across various subsets.
