Figure 3.

Hemodynamic phenotyping of the failing heart by stress echocardiography. SE based on regional wall motion abnormalities easily allow to identify inducible myocardial ischemia as regional wall motion abnormalities often associated with abnormal cardiac reserve (upper panel). However, a normal response of regional wall motion can also be associated with abnormal cardiac reserve, possibly due to the isolated or combined presence of distinct phenotypes: reduced heart rate response with chronotropic incompetence; “reduced preload response” with impaired preload reserve; “reduced contractile response” with blunted LVCR. Each phenotype must be identified for effective personalized treatment.