Table 3.
In vivo studies of laryngeal defects and disorders.
| Type of Stem Cell | Animal Model | Defect Model | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPSCs seeded on naïve nanofiber scaffold | Pig | Laryngeal defect | Formation of neocartilage tissue | [113] |
| BMSCs seeded on de-cellularised hemi-larynx | Pig | Full-thickness defect created in the cricoid cartilage | Vascularization and orthotopic implantation without adverse effects on respiration, swallowing or vocalization and formation of contiguous epithelium and a rudimentary vocal folds | [114] |
| BMSCs | Dog | Laryngotracheal stenosis | Complete epithelialization with minimal chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in submucosa of vocal folds | [115] |
| BMSC seeded on Porcine hemi-larynx de-cellularized | Pig | Defective thyroid cartilage | No adverse effect on respiratory function, swallowing and vocalization, and complete epithelialization of the mucosal surface and the development of rudimentary vocal folds | [107] |
DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells. BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived stem cells.