Table 4.

Undertaken clinical trials in treatment of vocal fold scarring using MSCs.

Type of Study	No. of Patients	Stem Cell Source (n)	Outcome	Reference
Clinical trial phase I	Sixteen 18 years and older with severe hoarseness and vocal fold scarring	BMSCs with a hyaluronan gel	Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the procedure and functional measures, improved healing of scarred vocal cord one year postoperatively	[123]
Clinical trial	Eight 18 years and older with vocal fold scarring and dysphonia	AdSCs	Positive therapeutic effect of cell transplantation, improved healing of scarred vocal cord	[124]
Clinical trial	12 patients aged 16–66 years with laryngeal hemiplegia or defects	AdSCs	Therapeutic efficacy of cell transplantation in restoration of glottic competence	[125]

BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived stem cells. AdSCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells.