Table 5.
In vivo studies of vocal fold injuries.
| Type of Stem Cell | Animal Model | Defect Model | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSCs with atelocollagen | Dog | Injured vocal fold | Beneficial effect in regeneration of the injured vocal fold | [126] |
| BMSCs | Mice (GFP transgenic) | Resected vocal folds | Cell survival in host tissue, positive expression for keratin and desmin markers of epithelial and muscular tissues, improvement in quality of healing process in vocal fold injuries | [127] |
| BMSCs | Rabbit | Scarred vocal folds | Improved viscoelastic parameters and less signs of scarring expressed as collagen content | [128] |
| BMSCs seeded on decellularized scaffolds with growth factors | Rat | Scarred vocal fold | Favorable ECM production, myofibroblast differentiation, hyaluronan metabolism, production of TGF-β1in absence of any cytotoxicity and preservation of local cell proliferation, Graft survival, and functionality and safety reconstruction of vocal folds | [129] |
| BMSCs | Rabbit | Scarred vocal folds | Improvement in healing of the vocal fold, reduced lamina propria thickness and collagen type I content and restoration of viscoelastic function | [130] |
| BMSCs | Rabbit | Vocal fold scar | Enhancing the functional healing of the vocal fold with decreased lamina propria thickness and restoration of viscoelastic shear properties | [131] |
| BMSCs and atelocollagen | Dog | Vocal fold scarring | An increased HA distribution and a decreased dense collagen deposition in the lamina propria, better mucosal vibration | [132] |
| BMSCs | Rabbit | Vocal fold injury | Cell survival in injured vocal folds, favorable and enhanced wound healing in vocal folds | [133] |
| BMSCs and AdSCs GFP-labeled with HA | Rat | Vocal fold scar | Equal regenerative and restoration effects of both stem cells, identical upregulation of FGF2 and Has3, AdSCs upregulated HGF more | [134] |
| BMSCs with porcine gel | Rabbit | Scarred vocal folds | Prolonged survival of BMSCs in vocal folds, and promoting a scarless vocal folds healing | [135] |
| BMSCs | Rabbit | Vocal fold scarring | Early resolution of viscoelasticity and a decrease in inflammation and facilitation of tissue repair | [136] |
| BMSCs | Rat | RLN transection injury | Complete recovery of vocal fold mobility and functional recovery | [137] |
| AdSCs together with atelocollagen | Dog | Injured vocal fold | Regeneration of injured tissue and preventive activity in vocal fold scarring and atrophy | [138] |
| AdSCs with HA and HGF | Rabbit | Injured vocal fold | Preventing vocal fold atrophy after laryngeal surgery | [139] |
| AdSCS | Pig | Unilateral vocal fold paralysis | Noticeable hypertrophy in thyroarytenoid muscle fiber, improvement in unilateral vocal fold paralysis | [140] |
| AdSCs with collagen or HA | Rabbit | Vocal fold wound | The facilitatory role of stem cells in vocal fold regeneration, regulating the generation and orderly distribution of ECM | [141] |
| AdSCs | Rabbit | Injured vocal folds | A decreased collagen content, fewer signs of scarring, an increase in viability of stem cells in vocal folds and an improvement in wound healing | [142] |
| AdSCs | Rabbit | Vocal fold injury | Vocal fold regeneration | [143] |
| AdSCs seeded on alginate-HA hydrogel | Rabbit | Vocal fold wound | Prolongation of the retention time of stem cells in the vocal folds and a promotion in wound healing | [144] |
| AdSCs | Dog | Acute vocal fold wound | Ability of cells to secrete ECM, vocal fold vibration recovery and improvement in vocal fold wound healing | [145] |
| AdSCs and fibrin hydrogel | Rabbit | Scarred vocal folds | Minor evidence of scar formation and immune reaction after transplantation, Vibration and a complete reconstruction in vocal fold cover layer | [146] |
| AdSCs | Rabbit | Chronic vocal fold scar | An enhanced healing in vocal folds and a reduction in scar tissue | [147] |
| AdSCs | Rabbit | Acute vocal fold scar | An improved vocal fold healing | [148] |
| AdSCs | Rabbit | Chronic vocal fold scar | Enhancing the healing of the vocal fold injury and the reduction in the scar tissue | [147] |
| Muscle stem cells | Rat | Vocal fold paralysis | Myoblast survival and attenuation of muscle atrophy | [149] |
| Muscle stem cells | Rat | Vocal fold paralysis | Enhancement of MSC survival and promotion of neural regeneration | [150] |
| Muscle stem cells | Rat | RLN transection injury | An enhanced reinnervation state | [151] |
| LSCs | Dog | Vocal fold injury | Differentiated into myofibroblasts and fibroblasts, regulation of ECM, inhibiting the rapidly decrease in elastic fiber and HA, decreasing the microenvironment inflammatory reaction, blocking collagen and the fibronectin rapid increase, and preventing the formation of vocal fold scar | [152] |
AdSCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells. BMSCs: Bone marrow-derived stem cells. LSCs: laryngeal stem cells. FGF2: Fibroblast growth factor 2. HGF: hepatocyte growth factor. GFP: Green fluorescent protein. ECM: Extracellular matrix. HA: Hyaluronic acid. TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1. RLN: Recurrent laryngeal nerve.