Table 3.

The researchers who developed a modal or theoretical framework to explain human psychology or mental health based on perspectives in Islam

Authors, Year, and Manuscript’ and Journal’s Name	Theoretical Framework (Modal)	Concepts Included in the Theoretical Framework or Modal	Method
Rothman & Coyle, 2018. Toward a framework for Islamic psychology and psychotherapy: an Islamic model of the soul. Journal of Religion and Health	An Islamic model of the soul, grounded theory	Four main categories: Nature of the soul, structure of the soul, stages of the soul, and development of the soul. Each category includes some subcategories/concepts	Qualitative
Hamjah & Akhir, 2014. Islamic approach in counseling. Journal of Religion and Health	Islamic approach in counseling	Three aspects: Aqidah (faith), Ibadah, and akhlaq	Qualitative
Keshavarzi & Haque, 2013. Outlining a psychotherapy model for enhancing Muslim mental health within an Islamic context. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion	Based on Islam and Al-Ghazali’s conceptualization	Four main concepts: Aql—cognition; Nafs—acquired automatic tendencies of the human being; Ruh (spirit)—experiential, transcendental elements; Qalb—heart, the holistic consolidation and expression of all three elements	Qualitative
Abu-Raiya, 2012. Toward a systematic Qura’nic theory of personality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture	Qura’nic theory of personality	Eight main interrelated concepts: nafs (psyche), nafs ammarah besoa’ (evil-commanding psyche), alnafs al-lawammah (the reproachful psyche), roh (spirit), a’ql (intellect), qalb (heart), al-nafs al-mutmainnah (the serene psyche), and al-nafs al-marid’a (the sick psyche)	Qualitative

We only considered peer-reviewed manuscripts published in English from 2002 to 2020, which may have led to the exclusion of some other resources. Full details about each manuscript is provided in the reference list. We listed references based on the most recent published manuscript to the previously published manuscript.