Table 2.
Prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies broken down by patient characteristics and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted and non-adjusted for sparse data bias
| Variable | Antibody+/total (%) | Univariable logistic regression |
Multivariable logistic regression |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-adjusted for sparse data bias |
Adjusted for sparse data bias |
||||||
| OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 85/947 (9.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Female | 6/129 (4.6) | 0.49 (0.21–1.16) | 0.104 | 0.42 (0.15–1.16) | 0.095 | 0.64 (0.32–1.27) | 0.206 |
| Age, years | |||||||
| 18–34 | 21/235 (8.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 35–49 | 47/537 (8.7) | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) | 0.934 | 1.13 (0.63–2.04) | 0.685 | 1.13 (0.64–1.98) | 0.677 |
| 50–64 | 20/264 (7.6) | 0.84 (0.44–1.58) | 0.581 | 0.96 (0.46–2.01) | 0.923 | 0.99 (0.50 -1.99) | 0.984 |
| ≥65 | 3/40 (7.5) | 0.83 (0.23–2.91) | 0.766 | 0.81 (0.16–4.04) | 0.795 | 0.99 (0.44–2.23) | 0.984 |
| Mechanism of HIV acquisition | |||||||
| MSM | 68/745 (9.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Heterosexual | 20/258 (7.7) | 0.84 (0.50–1.41) | 0.501 | 1.36 (0.70–2.65) | 0.364 | 1.13 (0.61–2.10) | 0.702 |
| IDU | 1/20 (5.0) | 0.52 (0.07–3.97) | 0.532 | 0.78 (0.09–6.87) | 0.827 | 0.95 (0.40–2.91) | 0.912 |
| Other | 1/7 (14.3) | 1.66 (0.20–13.99) | 0.641 | 2.67 (0.23–30.84) | 0.431 | 1.13 (0.45–2.87) | 0.796 |
| Country of birth | |||||||
| Spain | 54/753 (7.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Latin American countries | 33/231 (14.3) | 2.16 (1.36–3.42) | 0.001 | 2.34 (1.41–3.89) | 0.001 | 2.30 (1.41–3.76) | 0.001 |
| Other | 4/91 (4.4) | 0.60 (0.21–1.68) | 0.328 | 0.64 (0.22–1.89) | 0.420 | 0.82 (0.41–1.64) | 0.572 |
| Level of education | |||||||
| Compulsory education/no education | 16/257 (6.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| High school/University | 65/674 (9.6) | 1.61 (0.91–2.83) | 0.101 | 1.45 (0.79–2.68) | 0.234 | 1.43 (0.79–2.61) | 0.239 |
| Other | 0/20 (0) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 56/748 (7.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 35/328 (10.7) | 1.48 (0.95–2.30) | 0.086 | 1.57 (0.95–2.58) | 0.078 | 1.61 (0.99–2.62) | 0.056 |
| Chronic heart disease | |||||||
| No | 88/1038 (8.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 3/29 (10.3) | 1.25 (0.37–4.20) | 0.723 | 1.54 (0.39–6.08) | 0.540 | 1.14 (0.51–2.55) | 0.750 |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| No | 89/1042 (8.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 2/25 (8.0) | 0.93 (0.22–4.01) | 0.924 | 0.77 (0.14–4.24) | 0.764 | 0.94 (0.41–2.16) | 0.889 |
| History of non-AIDS-related cancer | |||||||
| No | 88/1025 (8.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 3/42 (7.1) | 0.82 (0.25–2.70) | 0.743 | 0.86 (0.25–2.97) | 0.810 | 0.95 (0.44–2.01) | 0.884 |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||||
| No | 70/871 (8.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 3/19 (15.8) | 2.15 (0.61–7.54) | 0.234 | 2.61 (0.62–10.95) | 0.188 | 1.37 (0.59–3.18) | 0.465 |
| Liver cirrhosis | |||||||
| No | 91/1061 (8.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 0/6 (0) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Prior AIDS-defining conditions | |||||||
| No | 80/944 (8.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Yes | 11/132 (8.3) | 0.98 (0.51–1.90) | 0.956 | 1.01 (0.47–2.17) | 0.971 | 1.04 (0.50–2.17) | 0.909 |
| CD4+ count cells/mm3 | |||||||
| <350 | 9/100 (9.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 350–499 | 13/136 (9.6) | 1.07 (0.44–2.61) | 0.884 | 0.96 (0.37–2.48) | 0.933 | 0.98 (0.50–1.92) | 0.947 |
| ≥500 | 62/721 (8.6) | 0.95 (0.46–1.98) | 0.894 | 0.87 (0.38–2.00) | 0.740 | 9.90 (0.45–1.83) | 0.778 |
| Last HIV-RNA load copies/mm3 | |||||||
| ≤50 | 80/918 (8.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| >50 | 5/86 (5.8) | 0.65 (0.25–1.64) | 0.359 | 0.48 (0.17–1.35) | 0.162 | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | 0.266 |
| Unknown | 6/72 (8.3) | 0.95 (0.40–2.27) | 0.912 | 2.14 (0.59–7.70) | 0.245 | 2.11 (0.59–7.50) | 0.248 |
| Antiretroviral therapy (NRTI backbone) | |||||||
| TAF/FTC | 40/416 (9.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| TDF/FTC | 5/154 (3.2) | 0.32 (0.12–0.81) | 0.017 | 0.25 (0.09–0.70) | 0.008 | 0.49 (0.26–0.94) | 0.031 |
| ABC/3TC | 23/279 (8.2) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.537 | 0.91 (0.51–1.62) | 0.741 | 0.97 (0.55–1.73) | 0.926 |
| Other | 17/188 (9.0) | 0.93 (0.52–1.70) | 0.824 | 0.43 (0.05–3.98) | 0.458 | 0.57 (0.07–4.84) | 0.607 |
| No antiretroviral therapy | 3/25 (12.0) | 1.28 (0.37–4.47) | 0.697 | 1.03 (0.24–4.32) | 0.970 | 1.25 (0.31–5.04) | 0.756 |
| Antiretroviral therapy (third drug) | |||||||
| NNRTI | 21/247 (8.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Protease inhibitor | 4/63 (6.3) | 0.73 (0.24–2.21) | 0.577 | 0.53 (0.16–1.74) | 0.293 | 0.80 (0.38–1.66) | 0.547 |
| Integrase inhibitor | 42/530 (7.9) | 0.93 (0.54–1.60) | 0.784 | 0.67 (0.35–1.27) | 0.219 | 0.82 (0.44–1.50) | 0.511 |
| Other | 18/197 (9.1) | 1.08 (0.56–2.09) | 0.814 | 1.51 (0.17–13.56) | 0.711 | 1.48 (1.82–12.20) | 0.711 |
| No antiretroviral therapy | 3/25 (12.0) | 1.47 (0.41–5.31) | 0.559 | — | — | ||
| Month of sample collection | |||||||
| April | 4/55 (7.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| May | 23/240 (9.6) | 1.35 (0.45–4.08) | 0.593 | 1.39 (0.44–4.40) | 0.580 | 1.36 (0.44–4.27) | 0.593 |
| June | 26/329 (7.9) | 1.09 (0.37–3.27) | 0.872 | 1.12 (0.36–3.50) | 0.849 | 1.14 (0.37–3.51) | 0.819 |
| July | 12/173 (6.9) | 0.95 (0.29–3.08) | 0.932 | 1.00 (0.29–3.40) | 0.998 | 0.96 (0.289–3.21) | 0.951 |
| August | 7/85 (8.2) | 1.14 (0.32–4.11) | 0.836 | 1.44 (0.37–5.55) | 0.596 | 1.32 (0.35–4.98) | 0.410 |
| September | 19/194 (9.8) | 1.38 (0.45–4.25) | 0.570 | 1.49 (0.46–4.81) | 0.501 | 1.42 (0.45–4.50) | 0.550 |
PWH, people with HIV; Q1, 1st quartile; Q3, 3rd quartile; N(t)RTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; FTC, emtricitabine; ABC, abacavir; 3TC, lamivudine; TDF; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.