Table 1.

In vitro and in vivo studies using free CUR and curcuminoids as antimicrobial.

Solvent	Microorganism	Culture	Antimicrobial Method	CUR Concentration	Light/Ultrasonic Parameters	Reference
DMSO (0.4%)	ZIKV	Cell infection	IC50	5.62–16.57 µM	-	[19]
	>DGEV		>IC90
N/R	HPVA	Cell infection	Viral survival	0.015 mg/mL	-	[20]
	Tulane V
N/R	KSPV	Infected cells	EC50	Up to 6.68 µM	-	[21]
Aqueous Piper nigrum seed extract	SARS-CoV-2	Cell infection	IC50 Plaque reduction	0.4 µg/mL	-	[22]
DMSO (<0.4%)	SARS-CoV-1	Cell infection	Inhibiton of viral replication	20 µM	-	[23]
N/R	SARS-CoV	In vitro	Viral inhibition	23.5 µM	-	[24]
N/R	SARS-CoV	In vitro	papain-like inhibition	5.7 µM	-	[25]
DMSO (1 w/v)	S. aureus	Planktonic	Inhibition zone MIC	600 and	-	[26]
	E. coli			400 µg/mL
DMSO	MRSA	Planktonic	MIC FICI	15.5 µg/mL	-	[27]
N/R	S. aureus	Planktonic	Colony count	100 µg/mL	8 or 20 J/cm2	[28]
	MSSA
	MRSA
DMSO (10%)	S. aureus	Biofilm	aPDT	20, 40, and 80 µM	5.28 J/cm2	[29]
DMSO	VRSA	Biofilm/animal infection model	MIC MBC	156.25 µg/mL	20 J/cm2	[30]
N/R	S. aureus	Animal infection model	aPDT	78 µg/mL	60 J/cm2	[31]
DMSO	S. aureus	Infected fruit	Survival fraction	100 nM	1.5 and 9 J/cm2	[32]
N/R	S. aureus	Planktonic	PDI	40 and 80 µM	15 J/cm2	[33]
	E. coli
Tween 80 (0.5%)	S. aureus	Planktonic	CFU/mL	300 and 500 µM	0.03–0.05 W/cm2	[34]
N/R	S. aureus	Biofilm	Confocal microscope	N/R	170 µmol m2 s1	[35]
DMSO (0.5%)	S. aureus	Biofilm	SDT aPDT SPDT	80 µM	100 Hz 15 and 70 J/cm2 100 Hz, 15 and 70 J/cm2	[36]
DMSO	E. coli	Planktonic	MIC Inhibition zone	110, 220 and 330 µg/mL	-	[37]
DMSO	E. coli	Planktonic	OD600nm	8,16, 32, and 64 µg/mL	-	[38]
N/R	S. dysenteriae	Planktonic	MIC/MBC	256 and	-	[39]
	C. jejuni			512 µg/mL
Edible alcohol	E. coli	Planktonic	aPDT	5, 10, and 20 µM	3.6 J/cm2	[40]
DMSO	H. pylori	Planktonic biofilm	MIC MBC aPDT	50 µg/mL	10 mW/cm2	[41]
DMSO	P. aeruginosa	Biofilm	aPDT CFU/mL	N/R	5 and 10 J/cm2	[42]
DMSO	Imipenem-resistant A. baumannii	Planktonic	aPDT	25, 50, 100, and 200 µM	5.4 J/cm2	[43]
DMSO (2%)	P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis	Planktonic	MIC/FICI	128-256 µg/mL	-	[44]
N/R	C. difficile, C. sticklandii, B. fragilis, P. bryantii	Planktonic	Viable cell number	10 µg/mL	-	[45]
N/R	B. subtillis, E. coli, S. carnosus, M. smegmatis	Planktonic	MIC/MBC	Up to 25 µM	-	[46]
N/R	MRSA	Planktonic/animal infection model	MIC	4–16 μg/mL	-	[47]
	MSSA			2–8 μg/mL
	E. coli			8–32 μg/mL
N/R	E. faecalis, S. aureus, B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli	Planktonic	MIC	156 μg/mL	-	[48]
DMSO (0.5%)	A. hydrophila, E. coli E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. albicans	Planktonic	MIC/MBC/ FICI/aPDT	37.5–150 µg/mL	N/C	[49]
N/R	E. faecalis	Infection model	CFU/mL	1 µg/mL	-	[50]
Commercial solution	E. faecalis	Biofilm	aPDT	1.5 g/mL	20.1 J/cm2	[51]
Ethanol 99%	A. hydrophila, V. parahaemolyticus	Planktonic	aPDT/SDT	Up to 15 mg/L	N/C	[52]
DMSO (10%)	E. faecalis	Biofilm	MIC/MBC	120 mg/mL	-	[53]
N/R	S. mutans	Planktonic	aPDT	10 g/100cc	N/C	[54]
DMSO: ethyl alcohol	S. mutans, S. pyogenes	Planktonic	aPDT	3 mg/mL	28.8 J/cm2	[55]
DMSO (0.8%)	Caries isolated	Biofilm	aPDT	600 µg/mL	75 J/cm2	[56]
DMSO	S. mutans, C. albicans	Biofilm single/dual	MBEC	0.5 mM	-	[57]
DMSO (0.05 M)	A. actinomycetemcomitans	Planktonic	aPDT	40 µg/mL	300–420 J/cm2	[58]
DMSO (<1%)	P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans	Planktonic	aPDT	20 µg/mL	6, 12 or 18 J/cm2	[59]
DMSO (0.5%)	P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, P. micra, T. denticola, T. forsythis	Biofilm	aPDT	100 mg/L	-	[60]
N/R	Subgingival plaque	Biofilm	aPDT	100 µg/mL	30 J/cm2	[61]
DMSO	P. gingivalis	Planktonic	MIC	12.5 µg/mL	-	[62]
Ethanol: DMSO (99.9%: 0.1%)	Periodontal pocket	-	aPDT	100 mg/mL	7.69 J/cm2	[63]
Tween 80	Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Enterobacteriaceae, C. albicans	Clinical trail	aPDT	0.75 mg/mL	20.1 J/cm2	[64]
Sodium hydroxide: PBS	C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C.dubliniensis	Planktonic/biofilm	MIC	0.1–0.5 mg/mL	-	[65]
N/R	C. albicans, S. aureus	Planktonic Biofilm	MIC/Biofilm percentag	200 µg/mL	-	[66]
N/R	C. albicans	Biofilm	aPDT	1.5 g/mL	20.1 J/cm2	[67]
DMSO (10%)	C. albicans	Biofilm	aPDT	20, 40, 60 and 80 µM	2.64, 5.28, 7.92, 10.56, and 13.2 J/cm2	[68]
DMSO (1%)	C. albicans	Biofilm	aPDT	40 and 80 mM	37.5 and 50 J/cm2	[69]
N/R	C. albicans	Biofilm	aPDT	100 µM	10 J/cm2	[70]
DMSO (2.5%)	Fluconazole-resistant C. albicans	Planktonic/biofilm/infection model	MIC/ aPDT	40 µM	5.28 J/cm2	[71]
	Fluconazole-susceptible C. albicans			80 µM	40.3 J/cm2
DMSO	C. albicans, F. oxysporum, A. flavus, A. niger, C. neoformans	Planktonic	MIC	137.5–200 μg/mL	-	[72]

-: not performed. N/R: not reported. N/C: not clear.