. 2021 Jun 23;18(13):6762. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136762

Table 5.

Changes in functional fitness and physical performance during the intervention.

Variables	Group	Baseline	Post	d	Univariate Interaction (η²_p)	Manova Interaction (η²_p)
30-s chair stand (n)	RT	15.5 ± 4.50	20.3 ± 5.16 ⁺⁺⁺	1.69	20.608 *** (0.507)	10.880 *** (0.813)
30-s chair stand (n)	CG	12.1 ± 3.07	12.1 ± 3.14	0.00	20.608 *** (0.507)
30-s arm curl (n)	RT	16.3 ± 3.68	21.2 ± 3.69 ⁺⁺⁺	2.48	45.996 *** (0.697)
30-s arm curl (n)	CG	13.9 ± 3.25	13.1 ± 2.60	0.41	45.996 *** (0.697)
Chair sit-and-reach (cm)	RT	19.8 ± 7.15	24.3 ± 6.94 ⁺⁺	1.39	37.101 *** (0.650)
Chair sit-and-reach (cm)	CG	6.2 ± 10.56	3.5 ± 10.08 ⁺⁺	1.33	37.101 *** (0.650)
8-foot up-and-go (s)	RT	5.7 ± 0.45	5.1 ± 0.45 ⁺⁺⁺	1.77	29.831 *** (0.599)
8-foot up-and-go (s)	CG	5.9 ± 0.65	6.3 ± 0.77 ⁺	0.79	29.831 *** (0.599)
2-min step test (n)	RT	91.3 ± 11.01	108.3 ± 11.04 ⁺⁺	1.20	22.453 *** (0.529)
2-min step test (n)	CG	86.7 ± 12.96	75.1 ± 18.92 ⁺	0.83	22.453 *** (0.529)
Grip strength (kg)	RT	20.8 ± 2.93	24.3 ± 2.25 ⁺⁺⁺	1.72	41.123 *** (0.673)
Grip strength (kg)	CG	18.6 ± 3.07	17.3 ± 3.61 ⁺	0.99	41.123 *** (0.673)
Gait speed (m·s⁻¹)	RT	0.96 ± 0.08	1.14 ± 0.11 ⁺⁺⁺	1.84	23.635 *** (0.542)
Gait speed (m·s⁻¹)	CG	0.93 ± 0.09	0.95 ± 0.09	0.43	23.635 *** (0.542)

Values are expressed as mean ± SD, * Significant interaction effect, *** p < 0.001, ⁺ Significant difference between pre- and post-test, ⁺ p < 0.05, ⁺⁺ p < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺ p < 0.001, Cohen’s d; small ≥ 0.2, medium ≥ 0.5, large ≥ 0.8, η²_p; small ≥ 0.01, medium ≥ 0.06, large ≥ 0.14.