Table 6.
Change in muscle quality and muscle growth regulators during the intervention.
| Variables | Variables | Group | Baseline | Post | d | Univariate Interaction (η2p) |
Manova Interaction (η2p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid-Thigh Muscle Quality |
MVIC (N·m) | RT | 112.4 ± 21.60 | 123.5 ± 18.87 + | 1.09 | 7.417 (0.271) |
|
| CG | 97.6 ± 30.94 | 93.7 ± 25.47 | 0.25 | ||||
| RMVIC (N·m·kg−1) | RT | 209.9 ± 32.18 | 231.8 ± 30.25 + | 1.20 | 7.560 (0.274) |
||
| CG | 195.4 ± 76.53 | 186.6 ± 61.29 | 0.26 | ||||
| TTV (cm2) | RT | 142.3 ± 17.60 | 142.5 ± 19.28 | 0.02 | 0.168 (0.008) |
||
| CG | 138.5 ± 20.12 | 140.2 ± 15.56 | 0.25 | ||||
| TFV (cm2) | RT | 62.9 ± 15.43 | 61.7 ± 15.97 | 0.19 | 2.965 (0.129) |
7.579 * (0.752) |
|
| CG | 60.7 ± 13.00 | 64.5 ± 9.52 | 0.53 | ||||
| TMV (cm2) | RT | 74.8 ± 6.77 | 76.6 ± 7.48 | 0.44 | 4.872 * (0.196) |
||
| CG | 72.3 ± 8.86 | 71.0 ± 9.48 | 0.71 | ||||
| TSFV (cm2) | RT | 46.9 ± 17.36 | 46.3 ± 16.09 | 0.07 | 0.585 (0.028) |
||
| CG | 44.7 ± 10.89 | 46.4 ± 7.41 | 0.27 | ||||
| IMAT (cm2) | RT | 16.0 ± 4.60 | 15.4 ± 3.15 | 0.25 | 7.381 * (0.270) |
||
| CG | 16.1 ± 3.90 | 18.1 ± 3.75 ++ | 1.06 | ||||
| Muscle Growth Regulator | Follistatin (pg·mL−1) | RT | 2113.75 ± 409.28 | 2652.85 ± 704.18 + | 0.81 | 4.960 * (0.199) |
2.476 (0.292) |
| CG | 2241.85 ± 669.91 | 2255.45 ± 564.02 | 0.04 | ||||
| GDF-8 (pg·mL−1) | RT | 2294.43 ± 686.62 | 2193.11 ± 618.91 | 0.19 | 1.494 (0.070) |
||
| CG | 1616.52 ± 650.70 | 1784.22 ± 529.69 | 0.33 | ||||
| GDF-15 (pg·mL−1) | RT | 902.00 ± 406.93 | 961.81 ± 355.81 | 0.43 | 0.943 (0.045) |
||
| CG | 831.03 ± 262.84 | 949.32 ± 326.74 | 0.83 | ||||
| Activin A (pg·mL−1) | RT | 399.81 ± 93.59 | 362.42 ± 76.83 | 0.45 | 0.011 (0.001) |
||
| CG | 340.37 ± 61.61 | 305.94 ± 53.01 | 0.90 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, MVIC; maximum voluntary isomeric contraction, RMVIC; relative maximum voluntary isomeric contraction, TTV; thigh cross-sectional area total thigh volume, TFV; thigh fat volume TMV; thigh muscle volume, TSFV; thigh subcutaneous fat volume, IMAT; intramuscular fat, * Significant interaction effect, * p < 0.05, + Significant difference between pre- and post-test, + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, Cohen’s d; small ≥ 0.2, medium ≥ 0.5, large ≥ 0.8, η2p; small ≥ 0.01, medium ≥ 0.06, large ≥ 0.14.