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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2021 Jun 20;41(6):847–853. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.06

三硫二苄基抑制头颈部鳞状癌细胞HN30的增殖并诱导其凋亡

Dibenzyl trisulfide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HN30 cells via Akt/ p53 signaling pathway

Lu XU 1, Feng QIAN 1, Lei SUN 1,*
PMCID: PMC8267979  PMID: 34238736

Abstract

Objective

To explore the effect of dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS) on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) HN30 cells.

Methods

The effects of DTS on proliferation of HNSCC cell lines HN30, HN12, and SCC25 were examined by assessing colony formation ability of the treated cells. The effect of different concentrations of DTS on viability of HN30 cells was assessed using MTT assay. HN30 cells were treated with 3, 10, or 30 μmol/L DTS for 24 h, and the cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected using flow cytometry with annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI double staining and JC-1 fluorescent probe staining. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein expressions of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in the treated cells. The phosphorylation levels of Akt and p53 in HN30 cells were detected using Western blotting after treatment with 10 μmol/L DTS for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 h.

Results

DTS at 1 μmol/L significantly inhibited the proliferation of HN30, HN12 and SCC25 cells as shown by colony formation assay. MTT assay showed that DTS dose-dependently decreased HN30 cell viability as compared with the solvent control group, and 100 μmol/L DTS produced the strongest inhibitory effect (P < 0.0001). Treatment with DTS below 30 μmol/L concentrationdependently promoted apoptosis (P < 0.01) and lowered the MMP (P < 0.01) of HN30 cells, and after treatment for 24 h, the cells showed significantly increased cleaved caspase-3 (P < 0.01) and decreased Bcl-2 expression (P < 0.01). Treatment with 10 μmol/L DTS for 16 h significantly inhibited Akt phosphorylation (P < 0.001) and enhanced p53 phosphorylation (P < 0.01) in HN30 cells.

Conclusion

DTS inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HN30 cells possibly through mechanisms involving the inhibition of Akt and the activation of p53.

Keywords: dibenzyl trisulfide, head and neck squamous carcinoma cells, Akt, p53


头颈癌是好发于人口腔、鼻腔、咽、喉等部位粘膜表面的鳞状细胞癌,据统计仅2018年就有超过90万新发病例,死亡人数超过40万,严重威胁人类健康[1-2]。目前,头颈癌的首选治疗手段是手术切除、放化疗[3],但由于放射性治疗对人体存在的毒性反应,有20%~30 %的患者无法完成整体放化疗过程[4]。对于中晚期并伴随局部淋巴结转移的头颈癌患者,寻找有效的抗头颈癌药物对于提高患者生存期及生活质量至关重要。三硫二苄基(DTS)是商陆科蒜香草(Petiveria alliacea L)中的一种主要活性成分[5]。该药用植物在民间被广泛运用于哮喘、关节炎、肿瘤等疾病的治疗[6],现代药理研究证实其在各种中枢神经系统疾病中也具有明显疗效,例如焦虑、疼痛、记忆力减退和癫痫发作等,能够有效改善大脑认知、记忆和学习能力[6-7]。有研究显示DTS及其类似物能够抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖[8],但DTS在头颈癌中的作用尚未报道。

抗凋亡是肿瘤细胞的一种恶性表型,目前多数肿瘤治疗策略与细胞凋亡信号通路激活相关[9]。线粒体介导的凋亡依赖于线粒体外膜上Bcl-2家族蛋白之间的相互作用以及细胞色素c的释放,从而促进一系列凋亡蛋白酶包括caspase-3的激活[10];同时线粒体外膜通透性的增高也会导致线粒体去极化,造成线粒体膜电位降低以及凋亡因子释放[11]。已知PI3K/Akt信号通路广泛参与了多种癌症的发病机制,由生存因子诱导的Akt激活可以抑制细胞凋亡,调控细胞生长和分化[12]。p53是多种肿瘤的抑制因子,能够调控细胞周期,也是早期头颈癌常见的突变基因[13]。本研究阐明了DTS对头颈癌细胞HN30增殖和凋亡的影响,并对其作用机制作进一步探讨。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 试剂

三硫二苄基(Cato Research Chemicals)(C14H14S3,MW:278.46,纯度≥98.0%,CAS:6493-73-8);DMEM培养基、青霉素-链霉素双抗(100 ×)、胰酶(Thermo Fisher);胎牛血清(浙江天杭生物);结晶紫、MTT粉末(生工生物工程(上海));Annexin Ⅴ-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(杭州联科生物);线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)、RIPA裂解液、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(上海碧云天);一抗β-actin,caspase-3,cleaved caspase-3,Bcl- 2,p-Akt,Akt,p-p53,p53(Cell Signaling Technology);人源头颈部鳞状癌细胞株HN30(美国菌种保藏中心)。

1.2. 细胞培养

人源头颈部鳞状癌细胞株HN30、HN12和SCC25所用培养基为含10%胎牛血清及1%双抗的DMEM培养基,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中进行培养。观察到细胞状态良好,于生长对数期进行胰酶消化、传代操作。

1.3. 克隆形成实验

分别取处于对数生长期且状态良好的HN30、HN12和SCC25细胞,胰酶消化并离心收集,梯度稀释后以400/孔的细胞密度接种至六孔板,加入2 mL/孔的培养液以及相应浓度的DTS,37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养7 d。待显微镜下观察到单个克隆点含有50及以上细胞,终止培养,弃上清,甲醇固定20 min,0.1%结晶紫染色,20 min后洗去染色液晾干拍照,克隆点计数。实验重复3次。

1.4. MTT实验

准确称量MTT粉末并用无菌PBS溶解,得到5 mg/mL的MTT溶液。收集处于对数生长期且状态良好的HN30细胞,梯度稀释后以1×103/孔的细胞密度接种至96孔板,过夜培养。每孔换新鲜培养液200 μL,并加入相应浓度的DTS孵育24 h。孵育结束,每孔加入20 μL 5 mg/mL的MTT溶液,继续培养4 h。弃上清,每孔加入100 μL DMSO,置于水平摇床上,震荡5~10 min,待孔内紫色沉淀充分溶解,酶标仪测定490 nm处的A490 nm。各组设6个复孔,实验重复3次。

1.5. 凋亡检测

收集处于对数生长期且状态良好的HN30细胞,以4×105/孔的细胞密度接种至12孔板,过夜培养。每孔换新鲜培养液2 mL,并加入相应浓度的DTS孵育24 h。孵育结束,消化、收集细胞,冷PBS洗3遍。根据细胞凋亡检测试剂盒说明书,加入1×binding buffer重悬,转移至流式管中,加入FITC和PI染液避光孵育。流式细胞仪(LSRFortessaTM X-20;BD Biosciences)上机检测,结果通过Flowjo 7.6软件进行分析。实验重复3次。

1.6. 线粒体膜电位检测

收集处于对数生长期且状态良好的HN30细胞,以4×105/孔的细胞密度接种至12孔板,过夜培养。每孔换新鲜培养液2 mL,并加入相应浓度的DTS孵育24 h。孵育结束,消化、收集细胞,冷PBS洗3遍。根据线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒说明书,配置JC-1染色工作液,避光孵育20 min后,离心,用JC-1染色缓冲液洗3遍,PBS重悬。流式细胞仪上机检测,结果通过Flowjo 7.6软件进行分析。实验重复3次。

1.7. Western blot蛋白印迹分析

1.7.1. 蛋白样品处理

将HN30细胞以1×106/孔的细胞密度接种至六孔板,贴壁后加入相应浓度的药物刺激。用RIPA裂解液裂解蛋白,根据BCA定量结果调齐蛋白浓度。

1.7.2. 电泳及转膜

配置10% SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶。电压80 V至各孔样品跑齐,调整电压为120 V至样品跑到底。取出蛋白胶,按“纤维垫-滤纸-胶-膜-滤纸- 纤维垫”的顺序放置,电压110 V将蛋白转至硝酸纤维素(NC)膜上。转膜结束,取出NC膜,在5%的脱脂牛奶中室温封闭2 h。1×TNET buffer洗膜,4 ℃下与对应的一抗孵育14 h,1×TNET buffer洗膜。室温孵育二抗2 h,1×TNET buffer洗膜。现配ECL显影液,使用Bio-Rad凝胶成像系统进行条带显色和拍照。实验重复3次。

1.8. 统计学分析

本研究各实验均进行3次重复,数据结果以均数±标准差表示,作图与分析采用Graph Pad Prim 5软件,统计学差异比较采用t检验,P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. DTS抑制头颈癌细胞增殖

克隆形成实验结果显示,DTS结构如图 1A所示,在DTS刺激下,与溶剂对照组相比,不同头颈癌细胞株HN30、HN12和SCC25的增殖能力均被抑制,且随DTS浓度增加,克隆点的数目逐渐减少(图 1B)。对HN30细胞的克隆点进行统计,1 μmol/L DTS作用下,HN30增殖几乎被完全抑制(图 1CP < 0.001)。MTT实验结果显示,不同浓度DTS刺激HN30细胞24 h后,细胞活力显著降低(图 1FP < 0.01),呈现剂量依赖性。

1.

1

DTS抑制头颈癌细胞增殖

Dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS)inhibits HNSCC cell proliferation. A: Chemical structure of DTS. B: Effect of treatment with 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μmol/L DTS for 7 days on proliferation of HN30, HN12 and SCC25 cells (clone formation assay). C-E: Statistical results of colony numbers of HN30, HN12 and SCC25 cells. F: HN30 cell viability (relative to untreated cells) after treatment with DTS for 24 h detected by MTT assay. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 vs the solvent control group.

2.2. DTS诱导HN30细胞凋亡

DTS刺激HN30细胞24 h,凋亡细胞比例显著增多(图 2A)。对第一象限及第四象限的凋亡细胞进行统计分析显示,DTS能够诱导HN30细胞凋亡,且具有剂量依赖性(P < 0.05,图 2B)。

2.

2

DTS诱导HN30细胞凋亡

DTS induces HN30 cell apoptosis. A: Annexin V-FITC/PI staining for detecting HN30 cell apoptosis after treatment with DTS (3, 10, and 30 μmol/L) for 24 h; B: Percentages of the apoptotic cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the solvent control group.

2.3. DTS诱导HN30细胞线粒体膜电位降低

当细胞发生线粒体依赖性的早期凋亡,线粒体膜电位下降,JC-1探针由聚合物(红色荧光)转变为单体(绿色荧光)。在DTS刺激下,呈绿色荧光的细胞群体(右下)比例增多(图 3A),对JC-1单体比例进行统计分析显示,随DTS浓度升高,JC-1单体比例逐渐增多(P < 0.01,图 3B)。

3.

3

DTS诱导HN30细胞线粒体膜电位降低

DTS reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in HN30 cells. A: JC-1 fluorescent probe staining for detecting mitochondrial membrane potential of HN30 cells treated with 3, 10, and 30 μmol/L DTS for 24 h; B: Percentages of JC-1 monomer cells. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the solvent control group.

2.4. DTS调控HN30细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达

不同浓度的DTS刺激HN30细胞24 h后,caspase-3表达降低,有活性的cleaved caspase-3表达升高,而Bcl-2含量显著降低(图 4A)。分别对caspase-3、cleaved caspase-3和Bcl-2的蛋白条带进行灰度分析,结果显示,DTS能够调控HN30细胞的凋亡信号通路,诱导凋亡蛋白酶cleaved caspase-3的表达,抑制抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达(P < 0.05,图 4BC)。

4.

4

DTS调控HN30细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达

DTS regulates the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in HN30 cells. A: Western blot analysis of the expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in HN30 cells after treatment with DTS (3, 10, 30 and μmol/L) for 24 h. B, C: Quantification of the protein expressions. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the solvent control group.

2.5. DTS能够抑制HN30细胞中Akt的磷酸化并激活p53通路

通过Western blot检测Akt及p53蛋白的变化,10 μmol/L DTS刺激HN30细胞,在不同时间点检测HN30细胞Akt及p53的表达,结果显示,DTS刺激下,HN30细胞Akt磷酸化(Ser 473)降低,p53磷酸化(Ser 15)增强,在16 h作用显著(图 5A)。分别对Akt及p53的总蛋白水平和磷酸化水平进行灰度分析,结果显示,随着DTS作用时间延长,HN30细胞的Akt磷酸化被抑制,而p53磷酸化被激活(P < 0.05,图 5BC)。

5.

5

DTS能够抑制HN30细胞中Akt的磷酸化并激活p53通路

DTS inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt and activates p53 pathway in HN30 cells. A: Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation level of Akt and p53 after treatment with DTS (10 μmol/L) for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h. B-D: Quantification of the protein expressions. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs the 0 h group.

3. 讨论

本研究发现活性含硫化合物DTS对头颈癌HN30细胞具有显著的增殖抑制和凋亡诱导作用。DTS刺激后,HN30细胞中cleaved caspase-3蛋白呈剂量依赖性增加,Bcl-2蛋白呈剂量依赖性降低;同时,随着DTS作用时间延长,Akt磷酸化受到抑制,p53的磷酸化水平增加。这些结果表明DTS在HN30细胞中具有显著的抗肿瘤活性。

DTS是从药用植物Petiveria alliacea L中分离出的一种多硫化物,早期被报道具有抗病毒、消炎镇痛、免疫调节等作用[14],但是针对单体化合物DTS的抗肿瘤作用机制研究较少,本研究旨在探讨DTS单体化合物的抗肿瘤作用。已有文献报道,作为特异性RSK激酶抑制剂,WST-1初步检测发现DTS对肺癌、乳腺癌及胰腺癌细胞具有体外抗增殖作用[8]。与本研究结果相似,DTS在头颈癌中也被证实具有抗增殖活性,但本研究发现DTS还具有显著的凋亡诱导作用,进一步确证了DTS对头颈癌的抗肿瘤作用。目前,针对DTS抗肿瘤作用的机制研究很少,深入探寻其作用靶点十分必要。有研究表明DTS能减弱神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MAPK(Erk1/2)酪氨酸残基的去磷酸化,造成细胞微管解聚并抑制神经突触生长[15]。研究显示,DTS的类似物双(4-氟苄基)三硫化物通过共价结合β-微管蛋白Cys 12残基,直接抑制微管聚合,导致微管稳定性的破坏,从而阻滞细胞的G2/M期[16]。与已有研究不同,本研究通过时间依赖性实验证实DTS可能影响Akt和p53蛋白的磷酸化,在头颈癌HN30细胞中发挥作用,并且其凋亡诱导与线粒体膜电位降低相关,进一步丰富了DTS在抗肿瘤机制方面的研究结果。

Akt参与调节细胞存活、增殖、生长、凋亡、糖原代谢等多过程,具有广泛的生物学活性,研究发现Akt的磷酸化影响了多种肿瘤细胞的凋亡、迁移[17]。对大肠癌患者的结直肠组织的分析结果显示p-Akt表达的上调与肿瘤发生发展、侵袭转移密切相关[18]。在HER2阳性乳腺癌中,p-AKT的高基础水平表达与肿瘤进展和耐药性相关[19]。本研究中,DTS刺激不同时间收集HN30细胞蛋白,通过免疫印迹实验发现Akt总蛋白水平未见明显差异,但p-Akt表达量明显抑制,证实DTS对于HN30细胞的抗肿瘤活性与p-Akt的抑制相关。

肿瘤抑制蛋白p53调控细胞凋亡、周期及DNA损伤修复过程,在恶性肿瘤的发展和进程中起着至关重要的作用,因本身基因突变或激活机制缺陷,p53在多种肿瘤中处于功能丧失状态,因此靶向p53成为目前肿瘤治疗的热点[20-22]。本研究中,DTS作用后,p53总蛋白及p53磷酸化均显著增加,表明DTS通过促进p53的磷酸化,激活p53功能从而影响了HN30细胞的增殖和凋亡。

本研究发现DTS能够有效抑制头颈部鳞状癌细胞HN30的增殖,并激活凋亡相关信号通路以线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡,其作用机制与Akt/p53信号通路相关。该发现揭示了DTS作为潜在抗肿瘤活性药物可能的作用机制和靶点,同时也为头颈癌的治疗提供了参考依据。

Biography

徐璐,硕士研究生,E-mail: xul2018@sjtu.edu.cn

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81973329,82073858,81773741);科技部“精准医学研究”重点专项(2017YFC0908500);上海交通大学科技创新专项资金资助(19X160010005)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973329, 82073858, 81773741)

Contributor Information

徐 璐 (Lu XU), Email: xul2018@sjtu.edu.cn.

孙 磊 (Lei SUN), Email: sunlei_vicky@sjtu.edu.cn.

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