Table 1.

Significant RAGE ligands.

RAGE Ligands	RAGE Binding Domain	Clinical Significance	Ref.
Endogenous RAGE Ligands
AGEs	V	Diabetes, chronic inflammation and cancer	[28]
S100/calgranulins	V or VC1 or V2	Inflammatory response and cancer differentiation and progression	[64]
HMGB1	VC1C2	Cancer development and metastasis and drug resistance	[65]
β-sheet fibrils	V	Neuronal disease: Alzheimer’s disease	[66]
Mac1		RAGE-mediated leukocyte recruitment	[45]
Quinolinic acids	VC1	Neuronal disease: Huntington’s disease	[67]
LPA	V	Cell proliferation and migration in C6 glioma and smooth muscle cells	[68]
PS		Rac1 activation in alveolar macrophages	[69]
C1q		Recruitment of leukocytes and phagocytosis	[70]
mDia1	cytoplasmic	Initiation and activation of RAGE-mediated signaling	[13]
Exogenous RAGE Ligands
RNA or DNA	VC1	RAGE-mediated augmentation of inflammation	[8]
RSV F protein	VC1	Promote the survival of RSV-infected cells	[11]
Longistatin	V	Longistatin acts as an antagonist to RAGE and suppresses inflammation	[12]

AGEs: Advanced glycation end-products; HMGB1: High mobility group box-1 protein; LPA: Lysophosphatidic acid; PS: Phosphatidylserine; mDia1: Mammalian diaphanous 1; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus.