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. 2021 Jun 29;10(13):2916. doi: 10.3390/jcm10132916

Table 3.

Risk of bias, organized according to study design.

Case-Control NOS Scale
Selection Comparibilty Exposure
Byrd et al. ** * ***
Zhao et al. ** ** ***
Shin et al. * ** ***
Zhu et al. ** ** **
Santos-Marcos et al. **** ** ***
Menni et al. *** ** ***
Chavez et al. ** ** ***
Miranda et al. *** ** **
Pekkala et al. **** ** **
Haro et al. *** ** ***
Min et al. *** * ***
Cohort NOS Scale
Selection Comparability Outcome
Ott et al. ** ** ***
Cross-Sectional AXIS
Intro Methods Results Discussion/Ethics
Fuhrman et al. 1/1 7/11 4/5 4/4
Flores et al. 1/1 6/11 4/5 4/4
Animal SYRCLE’s Bias Tool
Selection/Performance Detection Attrition Reporting
Choi et al. 2/5 0/2 1/1 1/1
Zhang et al. 0/5 0/2 1/1 1/1

Risk of Bias table, graded according to NOS scale for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies for cohort studies and case-control studies in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Further graded according to AXIS for cross-sectional studies and graded using the SYRCLE’s bias tool for animal studies.