Table 4.
Correlation analysis, normative values and between-group difference
| Body reference | Correlation (p-value) | Sample size | Age group | Mean (SD) (degrees) | Range (degrees) | Group comparisons (p-value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
All ethnicity All genders |
T1–T12 | 0.23 (0.21) | 2154 | 997 | x < 40 | 39.8 (±5.87) | 33.93–45.67 |
x < 40 – x > 60b (0.015) x < 40 – 40 < x < 60 (0.32) 40 < x < 60 – x > 60b (0.004) X < 50 – x > 50 (0.17) |
|
| 683 | 40 < x < 60 | 38.54 (±4.68) | 33.86–43.22 | ||||||
| 474 | x > 60 | 43.56 (±10.5) | 33.08–54.04 | ||||||
| 1454 | x < 50 | 38.94 (±5.18) | 33.76–44.12 | ||||||
| 700 | x > 50 | 43.11 (±9.56) | 33.55–52.67 | ||||||
| T2–T12 | 0.64 (0.12) | 212 | 132 | x < 40 | 44.53 (±4.16) | 40.37–48.7 |
x < 40 – x > 60 (0.49) x < 40 – 40 < x < 60 (0.49) 40 < x < 60 – x > 60 (0.49) X < 50 – x > 50 (0.07) |
||
| 35 | 40 < x < 60 | 47.7 (±4.53) | 43.17–52.23 | ||||||
| 61 | x > 60 | 48.75 (±1.48) | 47.27–50.23 | ||||||
| 151 | x < 50 | 44.53 (±3.4) | 41.13–47.92 | ||||||
| 61 | x > 50 | 49.47 (±1.63) | 47.84–51.09 | ||||||
| T4–T12 | 0.45a (0.048) | 1617 | 1199 | x < 40 | 33.88 (±4.88) | 29–38.77 |
x < 40 – x > 60b (0.00052) x < 40 – 40 < x < 60 (0.055) 40 < x < 60 – x > 60 (0.16) X < 50 – x > 50a (0.0003) |
||
| 242 | 40 < x < 60 | 40.1 (±2.69) | 37.41–42.79 | ||||||
| 176 | x > 60 | 47.63 (±7.33) | 40.29–54.96 | ||||||
| 1223 | x < 50 | 34.11 (±4.77) | 29.34–38.87 | ||||||
| 394 | x > 50 | 45.63 (±6.47) | 39.17–52.1 | ||||||
| T5–T12 | 0.52a (0.0001) | 4018 | 1037 | x < 40 | 26.32 (±4.33) | 21.99–30.65 |
x < 40 – x > 60b (0.00011) x < 40 – 40 < x < 60 (0.036) 40 < x < 60 – x > 60 (0.086) X < 50 – x > 50a (0.001) |
||
| 644 | 40 < x < 60 | 30.31 (±4.31) | 26–34.61 | ||||||
| 2337 | x > 60 | 32.59 (±3.63) | 28.96–36.22 | ||||||
| 1165 | x < 50 | 27.45 (±4.6) | 22.75–32.15 | ||||||
| 2853 | x > 50 | 31.94 (±3.91) | 28.03–35.85 | ||||||
| Ethnicity | North America (N.A.) | T2–T12 | 0.87a (0.02) | 120 | 40 | x < 40 | 42.2 (±1.41) | 40.79–43.61 | |
| 35 | 40 < x < 60 | 47.7 (±4.52) | 43.17–52.23 | ||||||
| 45 | x > 60 | 48.75 (±1.48) | 47.27–50.23 | T1–T12 | |||||
| 59 | x < 50 | 42.97 (±1.66) | 41.3–44.63 | Asia - Europe | |||||
| 61 | x > 50 | 49.47 (±1.63) | 47.84–51.09 | x < 50a (0.036) | |||||
| T4–T12 | 0.82 (0.18) | 190 | 49 | x < 50 | 37.5 (±0.7) | 36.79–38.21 | x > 50a (0.043) | ||
| 141 | x > 50 | 42.75 (±1.77) | 40.98–44.52 | ||||||
| T5–T12 | 0.65a (0.03) | 339 | 40 | x < 40 | 30.05 (±1.63) | 28.42–31.68 | |||
| 208 | 40 < x < 60 | 35.02 (±2.62) | 32.4–37.64 | T4–T12 | |||||
| 91 | x > 60 | 35.93 (±2.19) | 33.73–38.12 | N.A. - Europe | |||||
| 86 | x < 50 | 32.2 (±2.98) | 29.22–35.18 | x < 50 (0.5) | |||||
| 253 | x > 50 | 35.73 (±2.42) | 33.31–38.15 | x > 50 (0.5) | |||||
| Asia | T1–T12 | − 0.18 (0.46) | 1551 | 737 | x < 40 | 39.2 (±5.07) | 34.13–44.27 | ||
| 554 | 40 < x < 60 | 37.12 (±1.73) | 35.39–38.85 | ||||||
| 260 | x > 60 | 35.77 (±2.39) | 33.39–38.16 | ||||||
| 1184 | x < 50 | 38.48 (±4.37) | 34.11–42.85 | T5–T12 | |||||
| 367 | x > 50 | 36.31 (±2.38) | 33.93–38.69 | N.A. - Asia | |||||
| T5–T12 | 0.72a (0.0000006) | 2919 | 997 | x < 40 | 25.39 (±4.33) | 21.06–29.71 | x < 40 (0.19) | ||
| 436 | 40 < x < 60 | 27.69 (±2.26) | 25.43–29.95 | 40 < x < 60a (0.00013) | |||||
| 1486 | x > 60 | 31.76 (±3.49) | 28.27–35.24 | x > 60a (0.033) | |||||
| 1079 | x < 50 | 25.55 (±3.86) | 21.69–29.41 | x < 50a (0.0097) | |||||
| 1486 | x > 50 | 30.81 (±3.58) | 27.23–34.39 | x > 50a (0.0017) | |||||
| Europe | T1–T12 | 0.8 (0.57) | 404 | 250 | x < 50 | 44.87 (±3.96) | 40.9–48.83 | ||
| 154 | x > 50 | 55.7 (±7.04) | 48.66–62.74 | ||||||
| T4–T12 | 0.88a (0.00076) | 863 | 610 | x < 50 | 36.18 (±2.41) | 33.77–38.6 | |||
| 253 | x > 50 | 47.08 (±7.77) | 39.31–54.84 | ||||||
| Gender | Female | T1–T12 | − 0.17 (0.55) | 724 | 278 | x < 40 | 37.45 (±6.39) | 31.06–43.83 | |
| 301 | 40 < x < 60 | 36.16 (±0.39) | 35.77–36.55 | ||||||
| 145 | x > 60 | 33.57 (±4.92) | 28.65–38.49 | T1–T12 | |||||
| 345 | x < 50 | 37.09 (±5.44) | 31.65–42.52 | Female-male | |||||
| 379 | x > 50 | 34.48 (±4.07) | 30.41–38.55 | x < 40 (0.52) | |||||
| T2–T12 | 0.6a (0.15) | 126 | 73 | x < 40 | 44.33 (±4.16) | 40.17–48.49 | 40 < x < 60 (0.27) | ||
| 28 | 40 < x < 60 | 45.9 (±7.78) | 38.12–53.68 | x > 60 (0.19) | |||||
| 25 | x > 60 | 49.45 (±6.76) | 42.73–56.17 | x < 50 (0.41) | |||||
| 88 | x < 50 | 43.35 (±3.92) | 39.43–47.27 | x > 50 (0.1) | |||||
| 38 | x > 50 | 50.1 (±4.88) | 45.22–54.98 | ||||||
| T5–T12 | 0.6a (0.0024) | 1254 | 383 | x < 40 | 27.27 (±5.27) | 21.99–32.54 | |||
| 184 | 40 < x < 60 | 29.82 (±4.16) | 25.65–33.98 | T2–T12 | |||||
| 687 | x > 60 | 33.45 (±5.18) | 28.27–38.63 | Female-male | |||||
| 440 | x < 50 | 27.49 (±4.5) | 22.98–31.99 | x < 40 (0.92) | |||||
| 814 | x > 50 | 32.71 (±5.12) | 27.58–37.83 | 40 < x < 60 (0.41) | |||||
| Male | T1–T12 | 0.03 (0.94) | 571 | 172 | x < 40 | 40.38 (±7.22) | 33.15–47.6 | x > 60 (0.97) | |
| 274 | 40 < x < 60 | 38.7 (±3.74) | 34.96–42.43 | x < 50 (0.35) | |||||
| 125 | x > 60 | 38.57 (±3.16) | 35.41–41.72 | x > 50 (0.75) | |||||
| 390 | x < 50 | 39.56 (±5.83) | 33.72–45.39 | ||||||
| 181 | x > 50 | 38.78 (±2.61) | 37.47–41.39 | ||||||
| T2–T12 | 0.07 (0.88) | 86 | 59 | x < 40 | 44.8 (±6.87) | 37.93–51.67 | T5–T12 | ||
| 7 | 40 < x < 60 | 54.05 (±7.85) | 46.2–61.9 | Female-male | |||||
| 20 | x > 60 | 49.2 (±4.53) | 44.67–53.73 | x < 40 (0.69) | |||||
| 63 | x < 50 | 48.5 (±9.29) | 39.21–57.79 | 40 < x < 60 (0.62) | |||||
| 23 | x > 50 | 48.97 (±3.23) | 45.74–52.19 | x > 60 (0.4) | |||||
| T5–T12 | 0.51a (0.0085) | 1393 | 540 | x < 40 | 26.17 (±4.9) | 21.28–31.07 | x < 50 (0.81) | ||
| 152 | 40 < x < 60 | 31.87 (±8.88) | 22.99–40.75 | x > 50 (0.57) | |||||
| 701 | x > 60 | 32.28 (±3.66) | 28.62–35.99 | ||||||
| 584 | x < 50 | 28.27 (±7.7) | 20.55–35.99 | ||||||
| 809 | x > 50 | 31.71 (±4.46) | 27.24–36.17 | ||||||
x < 40 people younger than 40 years old, 40 < x < 60 people between 40 and 60 years old, x > 60 people older than 60 years old, x < 50 people younger than 50 years old, x > 50 people older than 50 years old, T thoracic vertebra
aStatistical significance for p < 0.05 (t-test)
bStatistical significance for p < 0.0167 (ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction)