Table 2.

Sources of resistance genes and exploitation of wild varieties for developing resistance to geminiviruses

Host	Genetic factor	Encoded protein	Source	Target geminivirus	References
Tomato	Ty-1	RDRγ	Chromosome 6 of S. chilense	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), honey suckle yellow vein mosaic virus (HYVMV) and tobacco leaf curl Japan virus (TbLCJV)	[148]
	Ty-2	NBS-LRR	Chromosome 11 of S. habrochaites	TYLCV	[151]
	Ty-3	RDRγ	Chromosome 6 of S. chilense	TYLCV	[148, 150]
	Ty-4	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 3 of S. chilense	TYLCV	[154]
	Ty-5	Pelota	Chromosome 4 of S. chilense	TYLCV	[146]
	Ty-6	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 10 of S. chilense	TYLCV	[153]
	Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) Marker	–	S. habrochaites	Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV)	[203]
	SSR304158–186 and SSR18170–145	–	Chromosome 7 and 10 of Solanum habrochaites accession ‘EC-520061	Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)	[156]
Cassava	CMD1, recessive gene and polygenic	Uncharacterized	Manihot glaziovii (TMS)	African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EAMCV)	[157]
	CMD2, a major dominant gene	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 12 of M. esculenta (TME)	ACMV, EAMCV	[159]
	CMD3, a QTL	Uncharacterized	TMS 97/2205	ACMV, EAMCV	[204]
Okra	Two duplicate dominant genes and two complementary genes	Uncharacterized	BCO-1 and VNR Green	Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV)	[164]
	Two dominant genes	Uncharacterized	A. manihot ssp. Manihot	BYVMV	[170]
	Two recessive genes	Uncharacterized	Pusa Sawani (IC-1542 X Pusa Makhmali)	BYVMV	[165]
	Two complementary dominant genes	Uncharacterized	A. manihot (L.) Medikus ssp. manihot	BYVMV	[167]
	Two complementary dominant genes and two duplicate dominant genes	Uncharacterized	Arka Anamika, Punjab Padmini and Arka Abhay	BYVMV	[168]
	Single dominant gene	Uncharacterized	A. manihot	BYVMV	[171]
	Two dominant complementary genes	Uncharacterized	A. manihot ssp. Manihot	BYVMV	[166]
	A single dominant gene (Not Identified)	Uncharacterized	A. manihot (L.) Medik and A. manihot (L.) Medik ssp. Manihot	BYVMV	[169]
Black gram	CYR1, a dominant gene	Non-TIR-NBS-LRR class R-gene	V. mungo line VM1 (MYMIV resistant)	Mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)	[205]
Common bean	PvVTT1, a dominant gene	Protein with a double TIR motif	Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Othello	Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV)	[145]
	bgm-1, a recessive gene	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 5 of DOR476 or Dry bean landrace cultivar Garrapato (Mexico)	Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV)	[172]
	bgm-2, a recessive gene	Uncharacterized	DOR303	BGMV	[173]
	Bct-1, a dominant gene	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 7 of P. coccineus Burtner	Beet curly top virus (BCTV)	[176]
	Bgp-1, a dominant gene	Uncharacterized	PR9556-171	BGMV	[174]
	PvBlc, a dominant gene	Uncharacterized	P. vulgaris line GG12	TYLCV	[175]
Cotton	R1CLCuDhir and R2CLCuDhir	Uncharacterized	CP-15/2, LRA-5166, CIM-443, Ravi, Cedex	Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV), cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus	[162]
Melon	A major QTL located in chromosome 11, and two other locus on chromosome 2 and 12	–	Cucumis melo subsp. Agrestis (WM-7)	ToLCNDV	[179]
	A single recessive gene	Uncharacterized	Chromosome 8 of Cucurbita moschata	ToLCNDV	[180]
Sponge gourd	A single dominant gene	Uncharacterized	DSG-6 and DSG-7	ToLCNDV	[177]
	A single dominant gene and two sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers	Uncharacterized	DSG-6	ToLCNDV	[178]