Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients included in the study (n = 142).
| MGUS (n = 17) | SMM (n = 20) | NDMM (n = 79) a | RRMM (n = 26) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range), years | 71 (48–87) | 78.5 (54–87) | 72 (62–85) | 67.5 (38–87) | |
| Sex (%) | Male | 58.8 | 45 | 52.9 | 53.8 |
| Female | 41.2 | 55 | 47.1 | 46.2 | |
| PC BM, average % (range) | 6.8 (2–17) | 23.2 (10–55) | 43.9 (10–84) | 39.2 (4–88) | |
| PPC MFC %, average (range) | 1 (0.1–2.9) | 6.1 (0.98–24) | 11.2 (0.2–30) | 14.8 (0.01–79) | |
| Type of Ig heavy chain (serum) | Non-detected | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| IgG | 52.9 | 60 | 64.7 | 69.2 | |
| IgA | 35.3 | 40 | 23.5 | 15.4 | |
| IgM | 5.9 | 0 | 5.9 | 15.4 | |
| IgD | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Biclonal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Type of Ig light chain (serum) | Non-detected | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 3.8 |
| Kappa | 52.9 | 55 | 76.5 | 61.5 | |
| Lambda | 41.2 | 45 | 23.5 | 30.8 | |
| Biclonal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.8 | |
| Serum M-spike, ≥3 gr/dL (%) | 0 | 10 | 82.4 | 23.1 | |
| Urine M-spike, detected (%) | 20 | 29.4 | 70.6 | 53.8 | |
| Kappa (%) | ≥19.4 mg/L | 57.1 | 66.7 | 100 | 66.7 |
| Lambda (%) | ≥26.3 mg/L | 50 | 41.7 | 33.3 | 33.3 |
| Free kappa/lambda ratio (%) | <0.26 mg/L | 14.3 | 23.1 | 0 | 26.7 |
| ≥0.26 < 1.65 mg/L | 42.9 | 38.5 | 22.2 | 6.7 | |
| ≥1.65 mg/L | 42.9 | 38.5 | 77.8 | 66.7 | |
| Creatinine (%) | ≥1.3 mg/dL | 29.4 | 25 | 47.1 | 19.2 |
| Serum calcium (%) | ≥11 mg/dL | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 11.5 |
| LDH (%) | ≥225 U/I | 5.9 | 14 | 11.8 | 38.5 |
| Albúmina (%) | ≤3 g/dL | 0 | 5 | 11.8 | 3.8 |
| Immunoparesis, yes (%) | 18.8 | 20 | 23.5 | 80.8 | |
| Refractory, yes (%) | NA | NA | 5.9 | 40 | |
| Type of prior treatment (%) | With PI | NA | 0 | 5.9 | 42.3 |
| Without PI | NA | 100 | 94.1 | 57.7 | |
| Type of following treatment (%) | With PI | NA | 25 | 88.2 | 42.3 |
| Without PI | NA | 75 | 11.8 | 57.7 | |
| Best response categories * (%) | VGPR | 0 | 0 | 17.6 | 0 |
| PR | 0 | 30 | 58.8 | 34.6 | |
| CR | 0 | 0 | 23.5 | 19.2 | |
| CR MRD+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CR MRD- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| SD | 0 | 5 | 0 | 34.6 | |
| NA | 100 | 65 | 0 | 11.5 | |
| Performed analysis (methods) | Samples, n | 26 | 39 | 107 | 81 |
| WGS | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | |
| WES | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | |
| mtDNA CN | 17 | 20 | 79 | 26 | |
| Gene expression | 9 | 9 | 18 | 11 |
Percentage frequencies of clinical parameters from patients. Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; CR, complete response; Ig, immunoglobulin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NDMM, newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma; MFC: multiparametric flow cytometry; MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance; MRD-, minimal residual disease negative; MRD+, minimal residual disease positive; mtDNACN, mitochondrial DNA copy number; NA, not applicable; PC, plasma cell; PI, proteasome inhibitors; PPC: polyclonal plasma cell; PR, partial response; RRMM, relapse multiple myeloma; SMM, smoldering multiple myeloma; SD, stable disease; VGPR, very good partial response; WES, whole-exome sequencing; WGS, whole-genome sequencing. * Objective response was assessed at the start of each cycle and confirmed by the physician using IMWG criteria. a MM patients comprised newly-diagnosed and follow-up patients.