Table 1.
Findings of observational studies evaluating incidence of cancer in patients with HF.
| Clinical Study/Population | Type of Malignancy (Percentage) | HR, 95% IC, p Value | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hasin et al. 2013 [6]. Subjects newly diagnosed with HF and without cancer at index |
Digestive system (19%) Male reproductive (19%) Hematologic (16%) Breast a (10%) Respiratory (8%) Urinary (8%) Female reproductive (3%) Skin (3%) Other cancers c (14%) |
Not provided | HF patients had a 68% higher risk of developing cancer (HR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.13–2.50) adjusted for body mass index, smoking, and comorbidities in the HF group. |
| Banke et al. 2016 [4]. HF patients without a prior diagnosis of cancer. |
Lung (15.7%) | 1.81, 1.54–2.12, p < 0.0001 | Risk of any type of cancer increased (IRR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.15–1.33, c < 0.0001), except for prostate cancer. |
| Skin (16.3%) | 1.84, 1.57–2.15, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Kidney and urinary system (8.2%) | 1.75, 1.41–2.18, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Liver/biliary system (4.7%) | 1.60, 1.20–2.13, p = 0.0015 | ||
| Lymph/blood (6.8%) | 1.45, 1.14–1.85, p = 0.0027 | ||
| Colon/rectal (12.3%) | 1.24, 1.04–1.49, p = 0.0180 | ||
| Breast a (4.8%) | 1.36, 1.02–1.81, p < 0.038 | ||
| Prostate b (13%) Other c (18%) |
1.04, 0.88–1.24, p < 0.6345- | ||
| Hasin et al. 2016 [7]. Survivors of a first MI who developed HF |
Respiratory system: 29% Digestive system: 29% Hematologic: 14% Skin: 7% Male reproductive: 4% Breast: 4% Urinary: 4% Female reproductive: 4% |
Not provided | Patients who develop HF after MI have an increased risk of cancer (HR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.39–3.35). |
| Sakamoto et al. 2017 [8]. Chronic HF patients without a prior diagnosis of cancer. |
Stomach (0.41%) | 95% IC: 0.25–0.61, p < 0.0001 * | The incidence of cancer in chronic HF patients was approximately four times higher contrasting with control patients (2.27% vs. 0.59%, 95% CI: 1.89–2.71, p < 0.0001). |
| Lung (0.22%) | 0.12–0.40, p = 0.0002 | ||
| Prostate (0.24%) | 0.09–0.46, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Breast (0.51%) | 0.26–0.93, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Colon (0.21%) | 0.10–0.38, p = 0.006 | ||
| Others d | 1.89–2.71, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Overall cancer (2,27%) | |||
| Kwak et al. 2021 [5]. Patients with HF and aged ≥20 years |
Gastrointestinal (3.3%) | (1.49, 1.44–1.54, p < 0.0001) | Patients with HF presented a higher risk for cancer development compared to controls (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.61–1.68) and the increased risk was consistent for all site-specific cancers. |
| Liver/Biliary/Pancreas (2.2%) | (1.80, 1.72–1.88), p < 0.0001) | ||
| Lung (2%) | (2.22, 2.12–2.32, p< 0.0001) | ||
| Prostate c (1.7%) | (1.40, 1.31–1.49, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Hematology (0.7%) | (2.77, 2.55–3.00, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Genitourinary (0.6%) | (1.55, 1.43–1.69, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Thyroid (0.4%) | 1.30, 1.18–1.43, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Breast b (0.6%) | (1.36, 1.21–1.52, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Female reproductive (0.6%) | (1.90, 1.68–2.15, p < 0.0001) | ||
| Head and neck (0.2%) | 1.62, 1.41–1.87, p < 0.0001 | ||
| Skin (0.04%) | (1.53, 1.11–2.11, p = 0.0081) | ||
| Overall cancer (9.2%) | (1.64, 1.61–1.68, p < 0.0001) |
a Only in women, b Only in men, c Not specified. d Other cancers are cervical cancer, sigmoid colon cancer, renal cancer, uterine body cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, thyroid cancer, bile duct cancer and bladder cancer. Abbreviations: HR: hazard ratio; IRR: incidence rate ratio; IC: confidence interval; MI: myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure. * Variance analysis described in the original paper.